Bash - (GNU) Bourne-Again SHell

Bash Liste Des Attaques Ovh

About

Bash is an sh-compatible shell. It is intended to conform to the IEEE POSIX P1003.2/ISO 9945.2 Shell and Tools standard.

Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, that will appear in the GNU operating system.

Most sh scripts can be run by Bash without modification.

Shell

Startup files

The following paragraphs describe how bash executes its startup files.

If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bash reports an error.

Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under Tilde Expansion in the EXPANSION section.

Interactive Non Login shell

When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bash reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists.

This may be inhibited by using the –norc option. The –rcfile file option will force bash to read and execute commands from file instead of ~/.bashrc.

Non Interactive Shell

When bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it looks for the variable BASH_ENV in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the following command were executed:

if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi

but the value of the PATH variable is not used to search for the file name.

Sh

If bash is invoked with the name sh, it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of sh as closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the –login option, it first attempts to read and execute commands in the following order from:

  • /etc/profile and
  • ~/.profile.

The –noprofile option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sh, bash looks for the variable ENV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as sh does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup files, the –rcfile option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sh does not attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sh, bash enters posix mode after the startup files are read.

Posix Mode

When bash is started in posix mode, as with the –posix command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the ENV variable and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read.

Run by the remote shell daemon (rshd)

Bash attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell daemon, usually rshd. If bash determines it is being run by rshd, it reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists and is readable.

It will not do this if invoked as sh. The –norc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the –rcfile option may be used to force another file to be read, but rshd does not generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.

Run with group id <> user id

If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the SHELLOPTS variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -p option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset.

To continue

Still to be done: The shell_variable must be set to their structure.

 Command Substitution
     Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the com-
     mand name.  There are two forms:
      $(command)
     or
      ‘command‘
     Bash performs the expansion by executing command and replacing the com-
     mand  substitution  with	 the  standard output of the command, with any
     trailing newlines deleted.  Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
     may  be	removed during word splitting.	The command substitution $(cat
     file) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $(< file).
     When the old-style backquote form of substitution  is  used,  backslash
     retains	its  literal  meaning except when followed by $, ‘, or \.  The
     first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
     stitution.   When using the $(command) form, all characters between the
     parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
     Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted
     form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
     If  the	substitution  appears within double quotes, word splitting and
     pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
 Arithmetic Expansion
     Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic  expression
     and  the	 substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expan-
     sion is:
      $((expression))
     The expression is treated as if it were within  double  quotes,	but  a
     double  quote  inside  the  parentheses	is not treated specially.  All
     tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion,
     command	substitution, and quote removal.  Arithmetic expansions may be
     nested.
     The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed  below	 under
     ARITHMETIC EVALUATION.  If expression is invalid, bash prints a message
     indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
 Process Substitution
     Process substitution is supported on systems that support  named	 pipes
     (FIFOs)	or the /dev/fd method of naming open files.  It takes the form
     of <(list) or >(list).  The process list is run with its input or  out-
     put connected to a FIFO or some file in /dev/fd.	 The name of this file
     is passed as an argument to the current command as the  result  of  the
     expansion.   If the >(list) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
     vide input for list.  If the <(list) form is used, the file  passed  as
     an argument should be read to obtain the output of list.
     When  available,	 process substitution is performed simultaneously with
     parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and  arithmetic
     expansion.
 Pathname Expansion
     After word splitting, unless the -f option has  been  set,  bash	 scans
     each  word  for the characters *, ?, and [.  If one of these characters
     appears, then the word is regarded as a pattern, and replaced  with  an
     alphabetically  sorted  list of file names matching the pattern.	 If no
     matching file names are found, and the shell option  nullglob  is  dis-
     abled,  the word is left unchanged.  If the nullglob option is set, and
     no matches are found, the word  is  removed.   If  the  failglob	 shell
     option  is  set,	 and no matches are found, an error message is printed
     and the command is not executed.	 If the	 shell	option	nocaseglob  is
     enabled,	 the  match  is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
     betic characters.  When a pattern is used for pathname  expansion,  the
     character  ‘‘.’’	  at  the  start  of a name or immediately following a
     slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell  option  dotglob  is
     set.   When  matching  a	 pathname,  the slash character must always be
     matched explicitly.  In	other  cases,  the  ‘‘.’’   character  is  not
     treated	specially.   See  the  description  of shopt below under SHELL
     BUILTIN COMMANDS for a description of the nocaseglob,  nullglob,	 fail-
     glob, and dotglob shell options.
     The  GLOBIGNORE	shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
     names matching a pattern.  If GLOBIGNORE is  set,  each	matching  file
     name  that  also	 matches  one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE is removed
     from the list of matches.  The file names ‘‘.’’	and ‘‘..’’  are always
     ignored	when GLOBIGNORE is set and not null.  However, setting GLOBIG-
     NORE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the	dotglob	 shell
     option, so all other file names beginning with a ‘‘.’’  will match.  To
     get the old behavior of ignoring file names  beginning  with  a	‘‘.’’,
     make  ‘‘.*’’  one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE.	 The dotglob option is
     disabled when GLOBIGNORE is unset.
     Pattern Matching
     Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
     characters  described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
     occur in a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following  character;  the
     escaping	 backslash  is	discarded  when matching.  The special pattern
     characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
     The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
  • Matches any string, including the null string.

? Matches any single character.

     [...]  Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair  of  charac-
      ters separated by a hyphen denotes a range expression; any char-
      acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive,	 using
      the  current  locale’s  collating sequence and character set, is
      matched.	If the first character following the [ is a !  or a  ^
      then  any	 character not enclosed is matched.  The sorting order
      of characters in range expressions is determined by the  current
      locale  and  the value of the LC_COLLATE shell variable, if set.
      A - may be matched by including it as the first or last  charac-
      ter in the set.  A ] may be matched by including it as the first
      character in the set.
      Within [ and ], character classes can  be	 specified  using  the
      syntax  [:class:],  where	 class is one of the following classes
      defined in the POSIX standard:
      alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl  digit  graph  lower  print	 punct
      space upper word xdigit
      A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
      The word character class matches letters, digits, and the	 char-
      acter _.
      Within  [ and ], an equivalence class can be specified using the
      syntax [=c=], which matches all characters with the same	colla-
      tion  weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
      c.
      Within [ and ], the syntax [.symbol.] matches the collating sym-
      bol symbol.
     If the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin, several
     extended pattern matching operators are recognized.  In	the  following
     description, a pattern-list is a list of one or more patterns separated
     by a |.	Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
     lowing sub-patterns:
      ?(pattern-list)
	     Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
      *(pattern-list)
	     Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
      +(pattern-list)
	     Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
      @(pattern-list)
	     Matches one of the given patterns
      !(pattern-list)
	     Matches anything except one of the given patterns
 Quote Removal
     After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
     ters \, ', and " that did not result from one of the  above  expansions
     are removed.

REDIRECTION

     Before  a  command  is executed, its input and output may be redirected
     using a special notation interpreted by	the  shell.   Redirection  may
     also  be	 used  to open and close files for the current shell execution
     environment.  The following redirection operators may precede or appear
     anywhere within a simple command or may follow a command.  Redirections
     are processed in the order they appear, from left to right.
     In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number  is	 omit-
     ted,  and  the  first  character	 of the redirection operator is <, the
     redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).   If  the
     first  character	 of  the  redirection  operator	 is >, the redirection
     refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
     The word following the redirection operator in the  following  descrip-
     tions,  unless  otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
     expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan-
     sion,  quote  removal,  pathname	 expansion, and word splitting.	 If it
     expands to more than one word, bash reports an error.
     Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For	 example,  the
     command
      ls > dirlist 2>&1
     directs	both  standard	output and standard error to the file dirlist,
     while the command
      ls 2>&1 > dirlist
     directs only the standard output to file dirlist, because the  standard
     error  was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was
     redirected to dirlist.
     Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
     tions, as described in the following table:
      /dev/fd/fd
	     If	 fd  is	 a valid integer, file descriptor fd is dupli-
	     cated.
      /dev/stdin
	     File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
      /dev/stdout
	     File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
      /dev/stderr
	     File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
      /dev/tcp/host/port
	     If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port
	     is	 an integer port number or service name, bash attempts
	     to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket.
      /dev/udp/host/port
	     If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port
	     is	 an integer port number or service name, bash attempts
	     to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket.
     A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
     Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used  with
     care,  as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
     nally.
 Redirecting Input
     Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
     sion  of	 word  to  be  opened for reading on file descriptor n, or the
     standard input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified.
     The general format for redirecting input is:
      [n]<word
 Redirecting Output
     Redirection of output causes the	 file  whose  name  results  from  the
     expansion of word to be opened for writing on file descriptor n, or the
     standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified.  If the file
     does  not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
     size.
     The general format for redirecting output is:
      [n]>word
     If the redirection operator is >, and the noclobber option to  the  set
     builtin	has  been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
     name results from the expansion of word exists and is a	regular	 file.
     If the redirection operator is >|, or the redirection operator is > and
     the noclobber option to the set builtin command	is  not	 enabled,  the
     redirection is attempted even if the file named by word exists.
 Appending Redirected Output
     Redirection  of	output	in  this  fashion  causes  the file whose name
     results from the expansion of word to be opened for appending  on  file
     descriptor  n,  or  the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not
     specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
     The general format for appending output is:
      [n]>>word
 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
     Bash allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the	 stan-
     dard  error  output  (file  descriptor  2) to be redirected to the file
     whose name is the expansion of word with this construct.
     There are two formats for  redirecting  standard	 output	 and  standard
     error:
      &>word
     and
      >&word
     Of the two forms, the first is preferred.  This is semantically equiva-
     lent to
      >word 2>&1
 Here Strings
     A variant of here documents, the format is:
      <<<word
     The word is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.
 Duplicating File Descriptors
     The redirection operator
      [n]<&word
     is used to duplicate input file descriptors.  If word expands to one or
     more  digits,  the file descriptor denoted by n is made to be a copy of
     that file descriptor.  If the digits in word  do	 not  specify  a  file
     descriptor  open for input, a redirection error occurs.	If word evalu-
     ates to -, file descriptor n is closed.	If n  is  not  specified,  the
     standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
     The operator
      [n]>&word
     is  used	 similarly  to duplicate output file descriptors.  If n is not
     specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1)  is  used.   If  the
     digits  in  word	 do  not  specify a file descriptor open for output, a
     redirection error occurs.  As a special case, if n is omitted, and word
     does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
     error are redirected as described previously.
 Moving File Descriptors
     The redirection operator
      [n]<&digit-
     moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, or	 the  standard
     input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified.	 digit is closed after
     being duplicated to n.
     Similarly, the redirection operator
      [n]>&digit-
     moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, or	 the  standard
     output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified.
 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
     The redirection operator
      [n]<>word
     causes  the  file  whose name is the expansion of word to be opened for
     both reading and writing on file descriptor n, or on file descriptor  0
     if n is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.

ALIASES

     Aliases	allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
     the first word of a simple command.  The	 shell	maintains  a  list  of
     aliases	that  may  be set and unset with the alias and unalias builtin
     commands (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).  The first	word  of  each
     simple  command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias.  If
     so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.  The characters  /,
     $,  ‘,  and = and any of the shell metacharacters or quoting characters
     listed above may not appear in an alias name.  The replacement text may
     contain	any  valid  shell  input, including shell metacharacters.  The
     first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases,  but  a  word
     that  is	 identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
     time.  This means that one may alias ls to ls  -F,  for	instance,  and
     bash  does  not try to recursively expand the replacement text.	If the
     last character of the alias value is a blank,  then  the	 next  command
     word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
     Aliases are created and listed with the alias command, and removed with
     the unalias command.
     There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.   If
     arguments  are  needed,	a shell function should be used (see FUNCTIONS
     below).
     Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless  the
     expand_aliases  shell option is set using shopt (see the description of
     shopt under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).
     The rules concerning the definition and use  of	aliases	 are  somewhat
     confusing.   Bash  always  reads	 at  least  one complete line of input
     before executing any  of	 the  commands	on  that  line.	  Aliases  are
     expanded	 when  a command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore,
     an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command  does
     not  take  effect  until	 the next line of input is read.  The commands
     following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
     alias.	This  behavior	is  also an issue when functions are executed.
     Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not  when  the
     function	 is  executed,	because a function definition is itself a com-
     pound command.  As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not
     available  until	 after	that function is executed.  To be safe, always
     put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use alias in  com-
     pound commands.
     For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.

FUNCTIONS

     A  shell	 function,  defined  as	 described  above under SHELL GRAMMAR,
     stores a series of commands for later execution.	 When the  name	 of  a
     shell  function	is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
     associated with that function name is executed.	Functions are executed
     in  the	context	 of  the  current  shell; no new process is created to
     interpret them (contrast this with the execution of  a  shell  script).
     When  a	function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
     positional parameters during its execution.  The special parameter # is
     updated	to reflect the change.	Special parameter 0 is unchanged.  The
     first element of the FUNCNAME variable is set to the name of the	 func-
     tion  while  the function is executing.	All other aspects of the shell
     execution environment are identical between a function and  its	caller
     with the exception that the DEBUG and RETURN traps (see the description
     of the trap builtin under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below) are not	inher-
     ited  unless  the  function has been given the trace attribute (see the
     description of the declare builtin below) or  the  -o  functrace	 shell
     option  has  been enabled with the set builtin (in which case all func-
     tions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps).
     Variables local to the function may be declared with the local  builtin
     command.	 Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
     function and its caller.
     If the builtin command return is executed in a function,	 the  function
     completes  and  execution resumes with the next command after the func-
     tion call.  Any command associated with the  RETURN  trap  is  executed
     before execution resumes.  When a function completes, the values of the
     positional parameters and the special parameter # are restored  to  the
     values they had prior to the function’s execution.
     Function	 names and definitions may be listed with the -f option to the
     declare or typeset builtin commands.  The -F option to declare or type-
     set  will  list the function names only (and optionally the source file
     and line number, if the extdebug shell option is	 enabled).   Functions
     may  be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
     the -f option to the export builtin.   A	 function  definition  may  be
     deleted	using  the  -f	option	to the unset builtin.  Note that shell
     functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden-
     tically-named  entries  in  the environment passed to the shell’s chil-
     dren.  Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
     Functions may be recursive.  No limit  is  imposed  on  the  number  of
     recursive calls.

ARITHMETIC EVALUATION

     The  shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
     circumstances (see the let and declare builtin commands and  Arithmetic
     Expansion).   Evaluation	 is done in fixed-width integers with no check
     for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an	error.
     The  operators  and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
     same as in the C language.  The following list of operators is  grouped
     into  levels  of	 equal-precedence operators.  The levels are listed in
     order of decreasing precedence.
     id++ id--
      variable post-increment and post-decrement
     ++id --id
      variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
     - +    unary minus and plus
     ! ~    logical and bitwise negation
     **     exponentiation
     * / %  multiplication, division, remainder
     + -    addition, subtraction
     << >>  left and right bitwise shifts
     <= >= < >
      comparison
     == !=  equality and inequality
     &      bitwise AND
     ^      bitwise exclusive OR
     |      bitwise OR
     &&     logical AND
     ||     logical OR
     expr?expr:expr
      conditional operator
     = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
      assignment
     expr1 , expr2
      comma
     Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter  expansion  is  per-
     formed before the expression is evaluated.  Within an expression, shell
     variables may also be referenced by name without	 using	the  parameter
     expansion  syntax.  A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
     0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
     The  value  of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
     it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given  the  integer
     attribute using declare -i is assigned a value.	A null value evaluates
     to 0.  A shell variable need not have its integer attribute  turned  on
     to be used in an expression.
     Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.  A leading
     0x or  0X  denotes  hexadecimal.	  Otherwise,  numbers  take  the  form
     [base#]n,  where base is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
     the arithmetic base, and n is a number in that base.  If base# is omit-
     ted,  then  base 10 is used.  The digits greater than 9 are represented
     by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters,	 @,  and  _,  in  that
     order.	If  base  is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
     letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and
     35.
     Operators  are  evaluated  in  order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
     parentheses are evaluated first and may override the  precedence	 rules
     above.

CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

     Conditional  expressions	 are  used  by the [[ compound command and the
     test and [ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform	string
     and  arithmetic comparisons.  Expressions are formed from the following
     unary or binary primaries.  If any file argument to  one	 of  the  pri-
     maries is of the form /dev/fd/n, then file descriptor n is checked.  If
     the file argument to  one  of  the  primaries  is  one  of  /dev/stdin,
     /dev/stdout,  or /dev/stderr, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
     is checked.
     Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
     bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
     itself.
  1. a file

True if file exists.

  1. b file

True if file exists and is a block special file.

  1. c file

True if file exists and is a character special file.

  1. d file

True if file exists and is a directory.

  1. e file

True if file exists.

  1. f file

True if file exists and is a regular file.

  1. g file

True if file exists and is set-group-id.

  1. h file

True if file exists and is a symbolic link.

  1. k file

True if file exists and its ‘‘sticky’’ bit is set.

  1. p file

True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).

  1. r file

True if file exists and is readable.

  1. s file

True if file exists and has a size greater than zero.

  1. t fd True if file descriptor fd is open and refers to a terminal.
  2. u file

True if file exists and its set-user-id bit is set.

  1. w file

True if file exists and is writable.

  1. x file

True if file exists and is executable.

  1. O file

True if file exists and is owned by the effective user id.

  1. G file

True if file exists and is owned by the effective group id.

  1. L file

True if file exists and is a symbolic link.

  1. S file

True if file exists and is a socket.

  1. N file

True if file exists and has been modified since it was last

      read.
     file1 -nt file2
      True  if	file1  is  newer (according to modification date) than
      file2, or if file1 exists and file2 does not.
     file1 -ot file2
      True if file1 is older than file2, or if file2 exists and	 file1
      does not.
     file1 -ef file2
      True  if file1 and file2 refer to the same device and inode num-
      bers.
     -o optname
      True if shell option  optname  is	 enabled.   See	 the  list  of
      options  under  the  description	of  the	 -o  option to the set
      builtin below.
     -z string
      True if the length of string is zero.
     string
     -n string
      True if the length of string is non-zero.
     string1 == string2
      True if the strings are equal.  = may be used in place of == for
      strict POSIX compliance.
     string1 != string2
      True if the strings are not equal.
     string1 < string2
      True  if	string1	 sorts before string2 lexicographically in the
      current locale.
     string1 > string2
      True if string1 sorts after  string2  lexicographically  in  the
      current locale.
     arg1 OP arg2
      OP  is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.  These arithmetic
      binary operators return true if arg1 is equal to, not equal  to,
      less  than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
      or equal to arg2, respectively.  Arg1 and arg2 may  be  positive
      or negative integers.

SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION

     When  a	simple	command	 is executed, the shell performs the following
     expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
     1.     The words that the parser has  marked  as	 variable  assignments
      (those  preceding	 the  command name) and redirections are saved
      for later processing.
     2.     The words that are not variable assignments or redirections  are
      expanded.	  If  any words remain after expansion, the first word
      is taken to be the name of the command and the  remaining	 words
      are the arguments.
     3.     Redirections are performed as described above under REDIRECTION.
     4.     The text after the = in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
      expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
      expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the	 vari-
      able.
     If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
     shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the  environ-
     ment  of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
     ronment.	 If any of the assignments attempts to assign  a  value	 to  a
     readonly	 variable,  an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
     zero status.
     If no command name results, redirections	 are  performed,  but  do  not
     affect  the  current shell environment.	A redirection error causes the
     command to exit with a non-zero status.
     If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds  as
     described  below.   Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expan-
     sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the  command
     is  the	exit  status  of  the last command substitution performed.  If
     there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
     zero.

COMMAND EXECUTION

     After  a	 command  has been split into words, if it results in a simple
     command and an optional list of arguments, the  following  actions  are
     taken.
     If  the	command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
     it.  If there exists a shell function by that name,  that  function  is
     invoked	as described above in FUNCTIONS.  If the name does not match a
     function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins.   If
     a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
     If  the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
     slashes, bash searches each element of the PATH for  a  directory  con-
     taining	an  executable	file  by that name.  Bash uses a hash table to
     remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hash  under	 SHELL
     BUILTIN	COMMANDS  below).  A full search of the directories in PATH is
     performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.   If  the
     search  is  unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
     an exit status of 127.
     If the search is successful, or if the command  name  contains  one  or
     more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
     tion environment.  Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
     ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
     If  this	 execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
     and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a shell script,  a
     file  containing	 shell commands.  A subshell is spawned to execute it.
     This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if	a  new
     shell  had  been	 invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
     the locations of commands remembered by	the  parent  (see  hash	 below
     under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS) are retained by the child.
     If  the program is a file beginning with #!, the remainder of the first
     line specifies an interpreter for the program.  The shell executes  the
     specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
     cutable format themselves.  The arguments to the interpreter consist of
     a  single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
     line of the program, followed by the name of the program,  followed  by
     the command arguments, if any.

COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT

     The  shell  has an execution environment, which consists of the follow-
     ing:
     ·      open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified  by
      redirections supplied to the exec builtin
     ·      the  current  working directory as set by cd, pushd, or popd, or
      inherited by the shell at invocation
     ·      the file creation mode mask as set by umask  or  inherited  from
      the shell’s parent
     ·      current traps set by trap
     ·      shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set
      or inherited from the shell’s parent in the environment
     ·      shell functions defined during execution or inherited  from  the
      shell’s parent in the environment
     ·      options  enabled	at  invocation (either by default or with com-
      mand-line arguments) or by set
     ·      options enabled by shopt
     ·      shell aliases defined with alias
     ·      various process IDs, including those  of	background  jobs,  the
      value of $$, and the value of $PPID
     When  a	simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
     executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment  that  con-
     sists  of the following.	 Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
     ited from the shell.
     ·      the shell’s open files, plus  any	 modifications	and  additions
      specified by redirections to the command
     ·      the current working directory
     ·      the file creation mode mask
     ·      shell  variables	and  functions	marked	for export, along with
      variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
     ·      traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
      the shell’s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
     A  command  invoked  in	this  separate	environment  cannot affect the
     shell’s execution environment.
     Command substitution, commands  grouped	with  parentheses,  and	 asyn-
     chronous	 commands  are	invoked	 in  a	subshell environment that is a
     duplicate of the shell environment, except that	traps  caught  by  the
     shell  are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
     at invocation.  Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline
     are  also executed in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the sub-
     shell environment cannot affect the shell’s execution environment.
     If a command is followed by a & and job	control	 is  not  active,  the
     default	standard  input	 for  the command is the empty file /dev/null.
     Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the  file  descriptors  of  the
     calling shell as modified by redirections.

ENVIRONMENT

     When  a	program	 is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
     environment.   This  is	a  list	 of  name-value	 pairs,	 of  the  form
     name=value.
     The  shell  provides  several  ways  to manipulate the environment.  On
     invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
     for  each name found, automatically marking it for export to child pro-
     cesses.	Executed commands inherit the  environment.   The  export  and
     declare	-x  commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
     deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter in the envi-
     ronment	is  modified,  the  new value becomes part of the environment,
     replacing the old.  The environment inherited by any  executed  command
     consists	 of the shell’s initial environment, whose values may be modi-
     fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the	 unset	command,  plus
     any additions via the export and declare -x commands.
     The  environment	 for  any  simple command or function may be augmented
     temporarily by prefixing it with parameter  assignments,	 as  described
     above in PARAMETERS.  These assignment statements affect only the envi-
     ronment seen by that command.
     If the -k option is set (see the set builtin command below),  then  all
     parameter  assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
     just those that precede the command name.
     When bash invokes an external command, the variable _  is  set  to  the
     full  file  name of the command and passed to that command in its envi-
     ronment.

EXIT STATUS

     For the shell’s purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
     has  succeeded.	 An exit status of zero indicates success.  A non-zero
     exit status indicates failure.  When a command terminates  on  a	 fatal
     signal N, bash uses the value of 128+N as the exit status.
     If  a  command  is  not	found, the child process created to execute it
     returns a status of 127.	 If a command is found but is not  executable,
     the return status is 126.
     If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
     the exit status is greater than zero.
     Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (true) if  successful,  and
     non-zero	 (false)  if an error occurs while they execute.  All builtins
     return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
     Bash itself returns the exit  status  of	 the  last  command  executed,
     unless  a  syntax  error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
     value.  See also the exit builtin command below.

SIGNALS

     When bash is interactive, in the	 absence  of  any  traps,  it  ignores
     SIGTERM (so that kill 0 does not kill an interactive shell), and SIGINT
     is caught and handled (so that the wait builtin is interruptible).   In
     all  cases,  bash  ignores  SIGQUIT.  If job control is in effect, bash
     ignores SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP.
     Non-builtin commands run by bash have signal handlers set to the values
     inherited  by  the  shell  from its parent.  When job control is not in
     effect, asynchronous commands ignore SIGINT and SIGQUIT in addition  to
     these  inherited handlers.  Commands run as a result of command substi-
     tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SIGTTIN, SIGT-
     TOU, and SIGTSTP.
     The  shell  exits by default upon receipt of a SIGHUP.  Before exiting,
     an interactive shell  resends  the  SIGHUP  to  all  jobs,  running  or
     stopped.	 Stopped jobs are sent SIGCONT to ensure that they receive the
     SIGHUP.	To prevent the shell from sending the signal to	 a  particular
     job,  it	 should be removed from the jobs table with the disown builtin
     (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below) or  marked  to  not  receive	SIGHUP
     using disown -h.
     If  the	huponexit  shell  option has been set with shopt, bash sends a
     SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
     If bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal  for
     which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com-
     mand completes.	When bash is waiting for an asynchronous  command  via
     the  wait  builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
     set will cause the wait builtin to return immediately with an exit sta-
     tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.

JOB CONTROL

     Job  control  refers  to	 the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the
     execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later
     point.	A  user	 typically  employs  this  facility via an interactive
     interface supplied jointly by the system’s terminal driver and bash.
     The shell associates a job with each pipeline.  It  keeps  a  table  of
     currently  executing  jobs,  which may be listed with the jobs command.
     When bash starts a job asynchronously (in the background), it prints  a
     line that looks like:
      [1] 25647
     indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
     last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.	All of
     the  processes  in a single pipeline are members of the same job.  Bash
     uses the job abstraction as the basis for job control.
     To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job  control,
     the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process
     group ID.  Members of this process group (processes whose process group
     ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
     generated signals such as SIGINT.  These processes are said  to	be  in
     the  foreground.	 Background processes are those whose process group ID
     differs from the terminal’s; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
     erated  signals.	 Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
     write to the terminal.  Background processes which attempt to read from
     (write to) the terminal are sent a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) signal by the ter-
     minal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
     If the operating system on which bash is running supports job  control,
     bash contains facilities to use it.  Typing the suspend character (typ-
     ically ^Z, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
     be  stopped  and	 returns  control to bash.  Typing the delayed suspend
     character (typically ^Y, Control-Y) causes the process  to  be  stopped
     when  it	 attempts  to  read input from the terminal, and control to be
     returned to bash.  The user may then manipulate the state of this  job,
     using  the  bg command to continue it in the background, the fg command
     to continue it in the foreground, or the kill command to kill it.  A ^Z
     takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
     pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
     There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The charac-
     ter % introduces a job name.  Job number n may be referred to as %n.  A
     job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name  used  to	 start
     it,  or	using a substring that appears in its command line.  For exam-
     ple, %ce refers to a stopped ce job.  If a prefix matches more than one
     job,  bash  reports an error.  Using %?ce, on the other hand, refers to
     any job containing the string ce in its command line.  If the substring
     matches	more  than one job, bash reports an error.  The symbols %% and
     %+ refer to the shell’s notion of the current job, which	 is  the  last
     job  stopped  while  it	was  in the foreground or started in the back-
     ground.	The previous job may be referenced using %-.   When  there  is
     the  current  job  only, %- refers to the shell’s notion of the current
     job.  In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the  jobs  com-
     mand), the current job is always flagged with a +, and the previous job
     with a -.  A single % (with no  accompanying  job  specification)  also
     refers to the current job.
     Simply  naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %1 is
     a synonym for ‘‘fg %1’’, bringing job 1 from the	 background  into  the
     foreground.   Similarly,	 ‘‘%1  &’’  resumes  job  1 in the background,
     equivalent to ‘‘bg %1’’.
     The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes  state.   Normally,
     bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
     in a job’s status so as to not interrupt any other output.  If  the  -b
     option to the set builtin command is enabled, bash reports such changes
     immediately.  Any trap on SIGCHLD  is  executed	for  each  child  that
     exits.
     If  an  attempt	to exit bash is made while jobs are stopped, the shell
     prints a warning message.  The jobs command may then be used to inspect
     their status.  If a second attempt to exit is made without an interven-
     ing command, the shell does not print another warning, and the  stopped
     jobs are terminated.

PROMPTING

     When executing interactively, bash displays the primary prompt PS1 when
     it is ready to read a command, and the secondary	 prompt	 PS2  when  it
     needs  more  input  to  complete	 a  command.  Bash allows these prompt
     strings to be customized by inserting  a	 number	 of  backslash-escaped
     special characters that are decoded as follows:
      \a     an ASCII bell character (07)
      \d     the  date	in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
	     26")
      \D{format}
	     the format is passed to strftime(3)  and  the  result  is
	     inserted  into the prompt string; an empty format results
	     in a locale-specific time representation.	The braces are
	     required
      \e     an ASCII escape character (033)
      \h     the hostname up to the first ‘.’
      \H     the hostname
      \j     the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
      \l     the basename of the shell’s terminal device name
      \n     newline
      \r     carriage return
      \s     the  name	of  the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion
	     following the final slash)
      \t     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
      \T     the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
      \@     the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
      \A     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
      \u     the username of the current user
      \v     the version of bash (e.g., 2.00)
      \V     the release of bash, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
      \w     the  current  working  directory,	with $HOME abbreviated
	     with a tilde
      \W     the basename of the current working directory, with $HOME
	     abbreviated with a tilde
      \!     the history number of this command
      \#     the command number of this command
      \$     if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $
      \nnn   the character corresponding to the octal number nnn
      \\     a backslash
      \[     begin  a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
	     be used to embed a terminal  control  sequence  into  the
	     prompt
      \]     end a sequence of non-printing characters
     The  command  number  and the history number are usually different: the
     history number of a command is its position in the history list,	 which
     may  include  commands  restored	 from  the  history  file (see HISTORY
     below), while the command number is the position	 in  the  sequence  of
     commands	 executed  during the current shell session.  After the string
     is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion,  command  substitu-
     tion,  arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
     the promptvars shell option (see the description of the	shopt  command
     under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).

READLINE

     This  is	 the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
     tive shell, unless the --noediting option is given at shell invocation.
     By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.  A
     vi-style line editing interface is also available.  To  turn  off  line
     editing	after  the shell is running, use the +o emacs or +o vi options
     to the set builtin (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).
 Readline Notation
     In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
     Control	keys  are  denoted by C-key, e.g., C-n means Control-N.	 Simi-
     larly, meta keys are denoted by M-key, so M-x means Meta-X.   (On  key-
     boards  without a meta key, M-x means ESC x, i.e., press the Escape key
     then the x key.	This makes ESC the meta prefix.	 The combination M-C-x
     means  ESC-Control-x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
     while pressing the x key.)
     Readline commands may be given numeric arguments, which normally act as
     a  repeat  count.   Sometimes,  however, it is the sign of the argument
     that is significant.  Passing a negative argument  to  a	 command  that
     acts  in the forward direction (e.g., kill-line) causes that command to
     act in a backward direction.  Commands whose  behavior  with  arguments
     deviates from this are noted below.
     When  a command is described as killing text, the text deleted is saved
     for possible future retrieval (yanking).	 The killed text is saved in a
     kill ring.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
     unit, which can be yanked all at once.  Commands which do not kill text
     separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
 Readline Initialization
     Readline	 is  customized	 by putting commands in an initialization file
     (the inputrc file).  The name of this file is taken from the  value  of
     the  INPUTRC  variable.	 If  that  variable  is	 unset, the default is
     ~/.inputrc.  When a program which uses the readline library starts  up,
     the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are
     set.  There are only a few basic constructs  allowed  in	 the  readline
     initialization  file.  Blank lines are ignored.	Lines beginning with a
     # are comments.	Lines beginning with a	$  indicate  conditional  con-
     structs.	 Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
     The  default  key-bindings  may be changed with an inputrc file.	 Other
     programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.
     For example, placing
      M-Control-u: universal-argument
     or
      C-Meta-u: universal-argument
     into  the inputrc would make M-C-u execute the readline command univer-
     sal-argument.
     The following symbolic character names  are  recognized:	 RUBOUT,  DEL,
     ESC, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, SPC, SPACE, and TAB.
     In  addition  to	 command  names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro).
 Readline Key Bindings
     The syntax for controlling key bindings in the inputrc file is  simple.
     All  that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
     and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be	speci-
     fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with Meta- or
     Control- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
     When using the form keyname:function-name or macro, keyname is the name
     of a key spelled out in English.	 For example:
      Control-u: universal-argument
      Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
      Control-o: "> output"
     In  the above example, C-u is bound to the function universal-argument,
     M-DEL is bound to the function backward-kill-word, and C-o is bound  to
     run  the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
     text ‘‘> output’’ into the line).
     In the second form, "keyseq":function-name  or  macro,  keyseq  differs
     from  keyname above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
     be specified by placing the sequence within double  quotes.   Some  GNU
     Emacs  style  key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
     the symbolic character names are not recognized.
      "\C-u": universal-argument
      "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
      "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
     In this example, C-u is again bound to the function universal-argument.
     C-x  C-r is bound to the function re-read-init-file, and ESC [ 1 1 ~ is
     bound to insert the text ‘‘Function Key 1’’.
     The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
      \C-    control prefix
      \M-    meta prefix
      \e     an escape character
      \\     backslash
      \"     literal "
      \'     literal '
     In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a  second  set  of
     backslash escapes is available:
      \a     alert (bell)
      \b     backspace
      \d     delete
      \f     form feed
      \n     newline
      \r     carriage return
      \t     horizontal tab
      \v     vertical tab
      \nnn   the  eight-bit  character	whose value is the octal value
	     nnn (one to three digits)
      \xHH   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
	     value HH (one or two hex digits)
     When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
     to indicate a macro definition.	Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
     tion  name.   In	 the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
     are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other character	in  the	 macro
     text, including " and '.
     Bash  allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
     fied with the bind builtin command.  The editing mode may  be  switched
     during  interactive  use by using the -o option to the set builtin com-
     mand (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).
 Readline Variables
     Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
     ior.  A variable may be set in the inputrc file with a statement of the
     form
      set variable-name value
     Except where noted, readline variables can take the values  On  or  Off
     (without	 regard	 to  case).   Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
     When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on"  (case-insen-
     sitive), and "1" are equivalent to On.  All other values are equivalent
     to Off.	The variables and their default values are:
     bell-style (audible)
      Controls what happens when readline wants to ring	 the  terminal
      bell.  If set to none, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
      visible, readline uses a visible bell if one is  available.   If
      set to audible, readline attempts to ring the terminal’s bell.
     bind-tty-special-chars (On)
      If  set  to On, readline attempts to bind the control characters
      treated specially by the kernel’s terminal driver to their read-
      line equivalents.
     comment-begin (‘‘#’’)
      The  string  that	 is  inserted when the readline insert-comment
      command is executed.  This command is bound to M-# in emacs mode
      and to # in vi command mode.
     completion-ignore-case (Off)
      If set to On, readline performs filename matching and completion
      in a case-insensitive fashion.
     completion-query-items (100)
      This determines when the user is queried about viewing the  num-
      ber  of  possible	 completions generated by the possible-comple-
      tions command.  It may be set to any integer value greater  than
      or  equal	 to  zero.   If	 the number of possible completions is
      greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
      asked  whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
      simply listed on the terminal.
     convert-meta (On)
      If set to On, readline will convert characters with  the	eighth
      bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
      prefixing an escape character (in effect, using  escape  as  the
      meta prefix).
     disable-completion (Off)
      If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
      characters will be inserted into the line as if  they  had  been
      mapped to self-insert.
     editing-mode (emacs)
      Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
      ilar to emacs or vi.  editing-mode can be set to either emacs or
      vi.
     enable-keypad (Off)
      When set to On, readline will try to enable the application key-
      pad when it is called.  Some systems need	 this  to  enable  the
      arrow keys.
     expand-tilde (Off)
      If  set  to  on,	tilde  expansion  is  performed	 when readline
      attempts word completion.
     history-preserve-point (Off)
      If set to on, the history code attempts to place	point  at  the
      same  location on each history line retrieved with previous-his-
      tory or next-history.
     horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)
      When set to On, makes readline use a single  line	 for  display,
      scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
      becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping	 to  a
      new line.
     input-meta (Off)
      If  set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
      will not strip the high  bit  from  the  characters  it  reads),
      regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
      meta-flag is a synonym for this variable.
     isearch-terminators (‘‘C-[C-J’’)
      The string of characters that should  terminate  an  incremental
      search  without  subsequently  executing the character as a com-
      mand.  If this variable has not been given a value, the  charac-
      ters ESC and C-J will terminate an incremental search.
     keymap (emacs)
      Set  the current readline keymap.	 The set of valid keymap names
      is emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta,  emacs-ctlx,  vi,  vi-com-
      mand,  and  vi-insert.  vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is
      equivalent to emacs-standard.  The default value is  emacs;  the
      value of editing-mode also affects the default keymap.
     mark-directories (On)
      If set to On, completed directory names have a slash appended.
     mark-modified-lines (Off)
      If  set  to  On,	history lines that have been modified are dis-
      played with a preceding asterisk (*).
     mark-symlinked-directories (Off)
      If set to On, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
      tories   have   a	 slash	appended  (subject  to	the  value  of
      mark-directories).
     match-hidden-files (On)
      This variable, when set to On, causes readline  to  match	 files
      whose  names  begin  with	 a  ‘.’ (hidden files) when performing
      filename completion, unless the leading ‘.’ is supplied  by  the
      user in the filename to be completed.
     output-meta (Off)
      If  set  to On, readline will display characters with the eighth
      bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
     page-completions (On)
      If  set to On, readline uses an internal more-like pager to dis-
      play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
     print-completions-horizontally (Off)
      If set to On, readline will  display  completions	 with  matches
      sorted  horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
      screen.
     show-all-if-ambiguous (Off)
      This alters the default behavior of  the	completion  functions.
      If set to on, words which have more than one possible completion
      cause the matches to be listed immediately  instead  of  ringing
      the bell.
     show-all-if-unmodified (Off)
      This  alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
      a fashion similar to show-all-if-ambiguous.  If set to on, words
      which  have more than one possible completion without any possi-
      ble partial completion (the possible completions don’t  share  a
      common  prefix)  cause  the  matches  to	be  listed immediately
      instead of ringing the bell.
     visible-stats (Off)
      If set to On, a character denoting a file’s type as reported  by
      stat(2)  is  appended to the filename when listing possible com-
      pletions.
 Readline Conditional Constructs
     Readline implements a facility similar in  spirit  to  the  conditional
     compilation  features  of  the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
     and variable settings to be performed as the result  of	tests.	 There
     are four parser directives used.
     $if    The  $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
      ing mode, the terminal being  used,  or  the  application	 using
      readline.	  The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
      no characters are required to isolate it.
      mode   The mode= form of the  $if	 directive  is	used  to  test
	     whether  readline	is  in	emacs or vi mode.  This may be
	     used in conjunction with  the  set	 keymap	 command,  for
	     instance,	to  set	 bindings  in  the  emacs-standard and
	     emacs-ctlx keymaps only if readline is  starting  out  in
	     emacs mode.
      term   The  term=	 form may be used to include terminal-specific
	     key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
	     the terminal’s function keys.  The word on the right side
	     of the = is tested against the both full name of the ter-
	     minal  and	 the  portion  of the terminal name before the
	     first -.  This allows sun to match both sun and  sun-cmd,
	     for instance.
      application
	     The application construct is used to include application-
	     specific  settings.   Each	 program  using	 the  readline
	     library  sets the application name, and an initialization
	     file can test for a particular value.  This could be used
	     to	 bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
	     program.  For instance, the following command adds a  key
	     sequence  that  quotes  the  current  or previous word in
	     Bash:
	     $if Bash
	     # Quote the current or previous word
	     "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
	     $endif
     $endif This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $if
      command.
     $else  Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if the
      test fails.
     $include
      This directive takes a single filename as an argument and	 reads
      commands	and bindings from that file.  For example, the follow-
      ing directive would read /etc/inputrc:
      $include	/etc/inputrc
 Searching
     Readline provides commands for searching through	 the  command  history
     (see HISTORY below) for lines containing a specified string.  There are
     two search modes: incremental and non-incremental.
     Incremental searches begin before the  user  has	 finished  typing  the
     search  string.	As each character of the search string is typed, read-
     line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
     so  far.	  An  incremental  search  requires only as many characters as
     needed to find the desired history entry.  The  characters  present  in
     the  value of the isearch-terminators variable are used to terminate an
     incremental search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value the
     Escape  and  Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
     Control-G will abort an incremental search  and	restore	 the  original
     line.   When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
     search string becomes the current line.
     To find other matching entries in the history list, type	 Control-S  or
     Control-R  as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
     history for the next entry matching the search  string  typed  so  far.
     Any  other  key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
     search and execute that command.	 For instance, a newline  will	termi-
     nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
     the history list.
     Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two Control-
     Rs  are	typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
     string, any remembered search string is used.
     Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before  starting
     to  search  for matching history lines.	The search string may be typed
     by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 Readline Command Names
     The following is a list of the names of the commands  and  the  default
     key sequences to which they are bound.  Command names without an accom-
     panying key sequence are unbound by default.  In the following descrip-
     tions,  point refers to the current cursor position, and mark refers to
     a cursor position saved by the set-mark command.	 The text between  the
     point and mark is referred to as the region.
 Commands for Moving
     beginning-of-line (C-a)
      Move to the start of the current line.
     end-of-line (C-e)
      Move to the end of the line.
     forward-char (C-f)
      Move forward a character.
     backward-char (C-b)
      Move back a character.
     forward-word (M-f)
      Move forward to the end of the next word.	 Words are composed of
      alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
     backward-word (M-b)
      Move back to the start of the current or previous	 word.	 Words
      are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
     clear-screen (C-l)
      Clear  the  screen  leaving  the	current line at the top of the
      screen.  With an argument,  refresh  the	current	 line  without
      clearing the screen.
     redraw-current-line
      Refresh the current line.
 Commands for Manipulating the History
     accept-line (Newline, Return)
      Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line
      is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the	 state
      of  the HISTCONTROL variable.  If the line is a modified history
      line, then restore the history line to its original state.
     previous-history (C-p)
      Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
      the list.
     next-history (C-n)
      Fetch  the next command from the history list, moving forward in
      the list.
     beginning-of-history (M-<)
      Move to the first line in the history.
     end-of-history (M->)
      Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the  line  currently
      being entered.
     reverse-search-history (C-r)
      Search  backward	starting  at  the current line and moving ‘up’
      through the  history  as	necessary.   This  is  an  incremental
      search.
     forward-search-history (C-s)
      Search  forward  starting	 at the current line and moving ‘down’
      through the  history  as	necessary.   This  is  an  incremental
      search.
     non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
      Search backward through the history starting at the current line
      using a non-incremental search for  a  string  supplied  by  the
      user.
     non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)
      Search  forward  through	the  history  using  a non-incremental
      search for a string supplied by the user.
     history-search-forward
      Search forward through the history for the string of  characters
      between  the start of the current line and the point.  This is a
      non-incremental search.
     history-search-backward
      Search backward through the history for the string of characters
      between  the start of the current line and the point.  This is a
      non-incremental search.
     yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)
      Insert the first argument to the previous command	 (usually  the
      second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument n,
      insert the nth word from the previous command (the words in  the
      previous	command	 begin	with  word  0).	  A  negative argument
      inserts the nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once
      the  argument n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
      "!n" history expansion had been specified.
     yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)
      Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last  word
      of  the  previous	 history  entry).   With  an  argument, behave
      exactly like yank-nth-arg.  Successive  calls  to	 yank-last-arg
      move  back through the history list, inserting the last argument
      of each line in turn.  The history expansion facilities are used
      to  extract  the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion
      had been specified.
     shell-expand-line (M-C-e)
      Expand the line as the shell does.  This performs alias and his-
      tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions.  See
      HISTORY EXPANSION below for a description of history  expansion.
     history-expand-line (M-^)
      Perform  history	expansion  on  the  current line.  See HISTORY
      EXPANSION below for a description of history expansion.
     magic-space
      Perform history expansion on  the	 current  line	and  insert  a
      space.  See HISTORY EXPANSION below for a description of history
      expansion.
     alias-expand-line
      Perform alias expansion on the current line.  See ALIASES	 above
      for a description of alias expansion.
     history-and-alias-expand-line
      Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
     insert-last-argument (M-., M-_)
      A synonym for yank-last-arg.
     operate-and-get-next (C-o)
      Accept  the  current  line for execution and fetch the next line
      relative to the current line from the history for editing.   Any
      argument is ignored.
     edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)
      Invoke  an  editor  on the current command line, and execute the
      result as shell commands.	  Bash	attempts  to  invoke  $FCEDIT,
      $EDITOR, and emacs as the editor, in that order.
 Commands for Changing Text
     delete-char (C-d)
      Delete  the character at point.  If point is at the beginning of
      the line, there are no characters in  the	 line,	and  the  last
      character typed was not bound to delete-char, then return EOF.
     backward-delete-char (Rubout)
      Delete  the  character  behind the cursor.  When given a numeric
      argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
     forward-backward-delete-char
      Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor	is  at
      the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
      sor is deleted.
     quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)
      Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is  how
      to insert characters like C-q, for example.
     tab-insert (C-v TAB)
      Insert a tab character.
     self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)
      Insert the character typed.
     transpose-chars (C-t)
      Drag  the	 character  before point forward over the character at
      point, moving point forward as well.  If point is at the end  of
      the  line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
      Negative arguments have no effect.
     transpose-words (M-t)
      Drag the word before point past the  word	 after	point,	moving
      point  over  that	 word  as well.	 If point is at the end of the
      line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
     upcase-word (M-u)
      Uppercase the current (or	 following)  word.   With  a  negative
      argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
     downcase-word (M-l)
      Lowercase	 the  current  (or  following)	word.  With a negative
      argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
     capitalize-word (M-c)
      Capitalize the current (or following)  word.   With  a  negative
      argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
     overwrite-mode
      Toggle  overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argu-
      ment, switches to overwrite mode.	 With an explicit non-positive
      numeric argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects
      only emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently.  Each  call
      to readline() starts in insert mode.  In overwrite mode, charac-
      ters bound to self-insert replace the text at point rather  than
      pushing  the  text  to  the  right.   Characters	bound to back-
      ward-delete-char replace	the  character	before	point  with  a
      space.  By default, this command is unbound.
 Killing and Yanking
     kill-line (C-k)
      Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
     backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
      Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
     unix-line-discard (C-u)
      Kill  backward  from  point  to  the beginning of the line.  The
      killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
     kill-whole-line
      Kill all characters on the current line, no matter  where	 point
      is.
     kill-word (M-d)
      Kill  from  point	 to the end of the current word, or if between
      words, to the end of the next word.   Word  boundaries  are  the
      same as those used by forward-word.
     backward-kill-word (M-Rubout)
      Kill  the	 word  behind  point.  Word boundaries are the same as
      those used by backward-word.
     unix-word-rubout (C-w)
      Kill the word behind point, using white space as a  word	bound-
      ary.  The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
     unix-filename-rubout
      Kill  the	 word  behind  point,  using white space and the slash
      character as the word boundaries.	 The killed text is  saved  on
      the kill-ring.
     delete-horizontal-space (M-\)
      Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
     kill-region
      Kill the text in the current region.
     copy-region-as-kill
      Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
     copy-backward-word
      Copy  the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word bound-
      aries are the same as backward-word.
     copy-forward-word
      Copy the word following point to	the  kill  buffer.   The  word
      boundaries are the same as forward-word.
     yank (C-y)
      Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
     yank-pop (M-y)
      Rotate  the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works follow-
      ing yank or yank-pop.
 Numeric Arguments
     digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ..., M--)
      Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start  a
      new argument.  M-- starts a negative argument.
     universal-argument
      This  is another way to specify an argument.  If this command is
      followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading	 minus
      sign,  those digits define the argument.	If the command is fol-
      lowed by digits, executing  universal-argument  again  ends  the
      numeric  argument, but is otherwise ignored.  As a special case,
      if this command is immediately followed by a character  that  is
      neither  a  digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
      command is multiplied by four.  The argument count is  initially
      one,  so	executing this function the first time makes the argu-
      ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
      and so on.
 Completing
     complete (TAB)
      Attempt  to  perform  completion on the text before point.  Bash
      attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
      begins  with  $), username (if the text begins with ~), hostname
      (if the text begins with @), or command (including  aliases  and
      functions) in turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename
      completion is attempted.
     possible-completions (M-?)
      List the possible completions of the text before point.
     insert-completions (M-*)
      Insert all completions of the text before point that would  have
      been generated by possible-completions.
     menu-complete
      Similar  to complete, but replaces the word to be completed with
      a single match from the list of possible completions.   Repeated
      execution	 of  menu-complete  steps through the list of possible
      completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the  end  of  the
      list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
      bell-style) and the original text is restored.  An argument of n
      moves  n	positions  forward  in the list of matches; a negative
      argument may be used to move backward through  the  list.	  This
      command  is  intended  to	 be  bound  to	TAB, but is unbound by
      default.
     delete-char-or-list
      Deletes the character under the cursor if not at	the  beginning
      or  end  of  the	line (like delete-char).  If at the end of the
      line, behaves identically to possible-completions.  This command
      is unbound by default.
     complete-filename (M-/)
      Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
     possible-filename-completions (C-x /)
      List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
      it as a filename.
     complete-username (M-~)
      Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it	 as  a
      username.
     possible-username-completions (C-x ~)
      List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
      it as a username.
     complete-variable (M-$)
      Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it	 as  a
      shell variable.
     possible-variable-completions (C-x $)
      List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
      it as a shell variable.
     complete-hostname (M-@)
      Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it	 as  a
      hostname.
     possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)
      List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
      it as a hostname.
     complete-command (M-!)
      Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it	 as  a
      command  name.   Command	completion  attempts to match the text
      against  aliases,	 reserved  words,   shell   functions,	 shell
      builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
     possible-command-completions (C-x !)
      List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
      it as a command name.
     dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)
      Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the  text
      against  lines  from  the	 history  list for possible completion
      matches.
     complete-into-braces (M-{)
      Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
      pletions	enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
      shell (see Brace Expansion above).
 Keyboard Macros
     start-kbd-macro (C-x ()
      Begin saving the characters  typed  into	the  current  keyboard
      macro.
     end-kbd-macro (C-x ))
      Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
      and store the definition.
     call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)
      Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the	 char-
      acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
 Miscellaneous
     re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)
      Read  in	the  contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate any
      bindings or variable assignments found there.
     abort (C-g)
      Abort the current editing command and ring the  terminal’s  bell
      (subject to the setting of bell-style).
     do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...)
      If  the  metafied character x is lowercase, run the command that
      is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
     prefix-meta (ESC)
      Metafy the next character typed.	ESC f is equivalent to Meta-f.
     undo (C-_, C-x C-u)
      Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
     revert-line (M-r)
      Undo  all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
      undo command enough times to return  the	line  to  its  initial
      state.
     tilde-expand (M-&)
      Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
     set-mark (C-@, M-<space>)
      Set  the	mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
      the mark is set to that position.
     exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
      Swap the point with the mark.  The current  cursor  position  is
      set  to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
      as the mark.
     character-search (C-])
      A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
      that  character.	 A negative count searches for previous occur-
      rences.
     character-search-backward (M-C-])
      A character is read and point is moved to	 the  previous	occur-
      rence  of	 that character.  A negative count searches for subse-
      quent occurrences.
     insert-comment (M-#)
      Without a numeric argument,  the	value  of  the	readline  com-
      ment-begin  variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
      line.  If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
      toggle:	if  the characters at the beginning of the line do not
      match the value of comment-begin, the value is inserted,	other-
      wise the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the begin-
      ning of the line.	 In either case, the line is accepted as if  a
      newline  had  been  typed.   The	default value of comment-begin
      causes this command to make the current line  a  shell  comment.
      If  a  numeric  argument	causes	the  comment  character	 to be
      removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
     glob-complete-word (M-g)
      The word before point is	treated	 as  a	pattern	 for  pathname
      expansion,  with	an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern
      is used to generate a list of matching file names	 for  possible
      completions.
     glob-expand-word (C-x *)
      The  word	 before	 point	is  treated  as a pattern for pathname
      expansion, and the list of  matching  file  names	 is  inserted,
      replacing	 the  word.   If  a  numeric  argument is supplied, an
      asterisk is appended before pathname expansion.
     glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
      The list	of  expansions	that  would  have  been	 generated  by
      glob-expand-word	is  displayed,	and the line is redrawn.  If a
      numeric argument is supplied, an	asterisk  is  appended	before
      pathname expansion.
     dump-functions
      Print  all  of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
      line output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
      put  is  formatted  in such a way that it can be made part of an
      inputrc file.
     dump-variables
      Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
      the  readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
      the output is formatted in such a way that it can be  made  part
      of an inputrc file.
     dump-macros
      Print  all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
      strings they output.  If a numeric  argument  is	supplied,  the
      output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
      inputrc file.
     display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
      Display version information about the current instance of	 bash.
 Programmable Completion
     When  word  completion  is  attempted  for an argument to a command for
     which a completion specification (a compspec) has  been	defined	 using
     the  complete  builtin  (see  SHELL  BUILTIN  COMMANDS below), the pro-
     grammable completion facilities are invoked.
     First, the command name is identified.  If a compspec has been  defined
     for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible
     completions for the word.  If the command word is a  full  pathname,  a
     compspec	 for  the full pathname is searched for first.	If no compspec
     is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find  a  compspec
     for the portion following the final slash.
     Once  a	compspec  has  been  found, it is used to generate the list of
     matching words.	If a compspec is not found, the default	 bash  comple-
     tion as described above under Completing is performed.
     First,  the  actions  specified by the compspec are used.  Only matches
     which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When  the
     -f  or -d option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
     shell variable FIGNORE is used to filter the matches.
     Any completions specified by a filename expansion  pattern  to  the  -G
     option are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
     match the word being completed.	The GLOBIGNORE shell variable  is  not
     used to filter the matches, but the FIGNORE variable is used.
     Next,  the string specified as the argument to the -W option is consid-
     ered.  The string is first split using the characters in the  IFS  spe-
     cial  variable  as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored.  Each word is
     then expanded using brace expansion,  tilde  expansion,	parameter  and
     variable	 expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
     described above under EXPANSION.	 The results are split using the rules
     described above under Word Splitting.  The results of the expansion are
     prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
     become the possible completions.
     After  these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
     specified with the -F and -C options is invoked.	 When the  command  or
     function	 is  invoked,  the  COMP_LINE  and  COMP_POINT	variables  are
     assigned values as described above under Shell Variables.  If  a	 shell
     function	 is being invoked, the COMP_WORDS and COMP_CWORD variables are
     also set.  When the function or command is invoked, the first  argument
     is  the	name  of  the command whose arguments are being completed, the
     second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument  is
     the  word  preceding  the  word	being completed on the current command
     line.  No filtering of the generated completions against the word being
     completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in
     generating the matches.
     Any function specified with -F is invoked first.	 The function may  use
     any  of	the  shell facilities, including the compgen builtin described
     below, to generate the matches.	It must put the	 possible  completions
     in the COMPREPLY array variable.
     Next,  any  command specified with the -C option is invoked in an envi-
     ronment equivalent to command substitution.  It should print a list  of
     completions,  one  per  line, to the standard output.  Backslash may be
     used to escape a newline, if necessary.
     After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter	speci-
     fied  with  the -X option is applied to the list.  The filter is a pat-
     tern as used for pathname expansion; a & in  the	 pattern  is  replaced
     with  the text of the word being completed.  A literal & may be escaped
     with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting  a	match.
     Any  completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
     A leading ! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
     ing the pattern will be removed.
     Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -P and -S options are
     added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
     to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions.
     If  the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
     -o dirnames option was supplied	to  complete  when  the	 compspec  was
     defined, directory name completion is attempted.
     If  the	-o  plusdirs option was supplied to complete when the compspec
     was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
     added to the results of the other actions.
     By  default,  if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
     to the completion code as the full set of  possible  completions.   The
     default bash completions are not attempted, and the readline default of
     filename completion is disabled.	 If the -o bashdefault option was sup-
     plied  to complete when the compspec was defined, the bash default com-
     pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.  If the -o
     default	option was supplied to complete when the compspec was defined,
     readline’s default completion will be performed if the  compspec	 (and,
     if attempted, the default bash completions) generate no matches.
     When  a	compspec  indicates that directory name completion is desired,
     the programmable completion functions force readline to append a	 slash
     to  completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
     the value of the mark-directories readline variable, regardless of  the
     setting of the mark-symlinked-directories readline variable.

HISTORY

     When  the  -o  history  option to the set builtin is enabled, the shell
     provides access to the command history, the list of commands previously
     typed.	The  value  of	the HISTSIZE variable is used as the number of
     commands to save in a history list.  The text of the last HISTSIZE com-
     mands  (default	500)  is  saved.  The shell stores each command in the
     history list prior to parameter and variable expansion  (see  EXPANSION
     above)  but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
     of the shell variables HISTIGNORE and HISTCONTROL.
     On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari-
     able  HISTFILE  (default ~/.bash_history).  The file named by the value
     of HISTFILE is truncated, if necessary, to contain  no  more  than  the
     number of lines specified by the value of HISTFILESIZE.	When an inter-
     active shell exits, the last $HISTSIZE lines are copied from  the  his-
     tory list to $HISTFILE.	If the histappend shell option is enabled (see
     the description of shopt under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below), the lines
     are  appended  to the history file, otherwise the history file is over-
     written.	 If HISTFILE is unset, or if the history file  is  unwritable,
     the  history  is not saved.  After saving the history, the history file
     is truncated to contain no more than HISTFILESIZE lines.	 If  HISTFILE-
     SIZE is not set, no truncation is performed.
     The  builtin  command fc (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below) may be used
     to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list.  The his-
     tory  builtin  may  be  used  to display or modify the history list and
     manipulate the history file.  When using command-line  editing,	search
     commands	 are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
     history list.
     The shell allows control over which commands are saved on  the  history
     list.  The HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE variables may be set to cause the
     shell to save only a subset of the commands entered.  The cmdhist shell
     option,	if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
     multi-line command in the same history entry, adding  semicolons	 where
     necessary  to preserve syntactic correctness.  The lithist shell option
     causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead  of
     semicolons.  See the description of the shopt builtin below under SHELL
     BUILTIN	COMMANDS  for  information  on	setting	 and  unsetting	 shell
     options.

HISTORY EXPANSION

     The  shell  supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
     history expansion in csh.  This section describes what syntax  features
     are  available.	 This  feature	is  enabled by default for interactive
     shells, and can be disabled using the +H option to the set builtin com-
     mand (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).	 Non-interactive shells do not
     perform history expansion by default.
     History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
     stream,	making	it  easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
     previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
     commands quickly.
     History	expansion  is  performed  immediately after a complete line is
     read, before the shell breaks it into words.  It	 takes	place  in  two
     parts.	The  first is to determine which line from the history list to
     use during substitution.	 The second is to select portions of that line
     for inclusion into the current one.  The line selected from the history
     is the event, and the portions of that line that	 are  acted  upon  are
     words.	Various	 modifiers  are	 available  to manipulate the selected
     words.  The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read-
     ing  input, so that several metacharacter-separated words surrounded by
     quotes are considered one word.	History expansions are	introduced  by
     the  appearance	of  the	 history  expansion  character,	 which is ! by
     default.	 Only backslash (\) and single quotes can  quote  the  history
     expansion character.
     Several	characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
     lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted:	space,
     tab,  newline,  carriage return, and =.	If the extglob shell option is
     enabled, ( will also inhibit expansion.
     Several shell options settable with the shopt builtin may  be  used  to
     tailor  the  behavior  of  history  expansion.  If the histverify shell
     option is enabled (see the description of the shopt builtin), and read-
     line is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
     the shell parser.  Instead, the expanded	 line  is  reloaded  into  the
     readline editing buffer for further modification.  If readline is being
     used, and the histreedit shell option is enabled, a failed history sub-
     stitution will be reloaded into the readline editing buffer for correc-
     tion.  The -p option to the history builtin command may be used to  see
     what a history expansion will do before using it.  The -s option to the
     history builtin may be used to add commands to the end of  the  history
     list  without  actually	executing them, so that they are available for
     subsequent recall.
     The shell allows control of the various characters used by the  history
     expansion mechanism (see the description of histchars above under Shell
     Variables).
 Event Designators
     An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the  his-
     tory list.
     !      Start  a	history substitution, except when followed by a blank,
      newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the extglob shell	option
      is enabled using the shopt builtin).
     !n     Refer to command line n.
     !-n    Refer to the current command line minus n.
     !!     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
     !string
      Refer to the most recent command starting with string.
     !?string[?]
      Refer  to the most recent command containing string.  The trail-
      ing ? may be omitted if string is followed immediately by a new-
      line.
     ^string1^string2^
      Quick  substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing string1
      with string2.  Equivalent to ‘‘!!:s/string1/string2/’’ (see Mod-
      ifiers below).
     !#     The entire command line typed so far.
 Word Designators
     Word  designators are used to select desired words from the event.  A :
     separates the event specification from the word designator.  It may  be
     omitted	if  the word designator begins with a ^, $, *, -, or %.	 Words
     are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word	 being
     denoted	by  0  (zero).	Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
     rated by single spaces.
     0 (zero)
      The zeroth word.	For the shell, this is the command word.
     n      The nth word.
     ^      The first argument.  That is, word 1.
     $      The last argument.
     %      The word matched by the most recent ‘?string?’ search.
     x-y    A range of words; ‘-y’ abbreviates ‘0-y’.
     *      All of the words but the zeroth.	This is a synonym  for	‘1-$’.
      It  is  not  an  error to use * if there is just one word in the
      event; the empty string is returned in that case.
     x*     Abbreviates x-$.
     x-     Abbreviates x-$ like x*, but omits the last word.
     If a word designator is supplied without an  event  specification,  the
     previous command is used as the event.
 Modifiers
     After  the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
     or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’.
     h      Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
     t      Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail.
     r      Remove a trailing suffix of the form .xxx, leaving the basename.
     e      Remove all but the trailing suffix.
     p      Print the new command but do not execute it.
     q      Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
     x      Quote  the  substituted words as with q, but break into words at
      blanks and newlines.
     s/old/new/
      Substitute new for the first occurrence  of  old	in  the	 event
      line.   Any  delimiter  can  be  used  in place of /.  The final
      delimiter is optional if it is the last character of  the	 event
      line.   The delimiter may be quoted in old and new with a single
      backslash.  If & appears in new, it is replaced by old.  A  sin-
      gle  backslash  will  quote the &.  If old is null, it is set to
      the last old substituted, or, if no previous  history  substitu-
      tions took place, the last string in a !?string[?]  search.
     &      Repeat the previous substitution.
     g      Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
      used in conjunction with ‘:s’ (e.g.,  ‘:gs/old/new/’)  or	 ‘:&’.
      If  used with ‘:s’, any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
      the final delimiter is optional if it is the last	 character  of
      the event line.  An a may be used as a synonym for g.
     G      Apply  the following ‘s’ modifier once to each word in the event
      line.

SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS

     Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
     as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the
     options.	 For example, the :, true, false, and  test  builtins  do  not
     accept options.	Also, please note that while executing in non-interac-
     tive mode and while in posix mode, any  special	builtin	 (like	.,  :,
     break,  continue,  eval,	 exec,	exit,  export,	readonly, return, set,
     shift, source, times, trap,  unset)  exiting  with  a  non-zero	status
     causes the shell to stop execution.
     : [arguments]
      No  effect;  the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments
      and performing any specified redirections.  A zero exit code  is
      returned.
.  filename [arguments]
     source filename [arguments]
      Read  and	 execute  commands  from filename in the current shell
      environment and return the exit status of the last command  exe-
      cuted from filename.  If filename does not contain a slash, file
      names in PATH are used to find the  directory  containing	 file-
      name.   The  file	 searched  for in PATH need not be executable.
      When bash is  not	 in  posix  mode,  the	current	 directory  is
      searched	if no file is found in PATH.  If the sourcepath option
      to the shopt builtin command is turned  off,  the	 PATH  is  not
      searched.	  If any arguments are supplied, they become the posi-
      tional parameters when  filename	is  executed.	Otherwise  the
      positional  parameters  are unchanged.  The return status is the
      status of the last command exited within the  script  (0	if  no
      commands	are  executed),	 and false if filename is not found or
      cannot be read.
     alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
      Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of
      aliases  in  the form alias name=value on standard output.  When
      arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name	 whose
      value is given.  A trailing space in  value causes the next word
      to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
      For  each	 name  in the argument list for which no value is sup-
      plied, the name and  value  of  the  alias  is  printed.	 Alias
      returns  true unless a name is given for which no alias has been
      defined.
      Note aliases are not  expanded  by  default  in  non-interactive
      shell, and it can be enabled by setting the expand_aliases shell
      option using shopt.
     bg [jobspec ...]
      Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background,  as	if  it
      had been started with &.	If jobspec is not present, the shell’s
      notion of the current job is used.  bg jobspec returns 0	unless
      run  when	 job control is disabled or, when run with job control
      enabled, any specified jobspec was  not  found  or  was  started
      without job control.
     bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSV]
     bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
     bind [-m keymap] -f filename
     bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
     bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
     bind readline-command
      Display  current	readline key and function bindings, bind a key
      sequence to a readline function or  macro,  or  set  a  readline
      variable.	  Each	non-option  argument  is a command as it would
      appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must  be	passed
      as  a  separate argument; e.g., ’"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file’.
      Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
      -m keymap
	     Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
	     bindings.	Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-stan-
	     dard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx,  vi,	 vi-move,  vi-command,
	     and  vi-insert.  vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is
	     equivalent to emacs-standard.
      -l     List the names of all readline functions.
      -p     Display readline function names and bindings  in  such  a
	     way that they can be re-read.
      -P     List current readline function names and bindings.
      -v     Display  readline variable names and values in such a way
	     that they can be re-read.
      -V     List current readline variable names and values.
      -s     Display readline key sequences bound to  macros  and  the
	     strings  they  output  in such a way that they can be re-
	     read.
      -S     Display readline key sequences bound to  macros  and  the
	     strings they output.
      -f filename
	     Read key bindings from filename.
      -q function
	     Query about which keys invoke the named function.
      -u function
	     Unbind all keys bound to the named function.
      -r keyseq
	     Remove any current binding for keyseq.
      -x keyseq:shell-command
	     Cause  shell-command  to  be  executed whenever keyseq is
	     entered.
      The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given  or
      an error occurred.
     break [n]
      Exit  from  within a for, while, until, or select loop.  If n is
      specified, break n levels.  n must be ≥ 1.  If n is greater than
      the  number  of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited.
      The return value is non-zero when n is  ≤	 0;  Otherwise,	 break
      returns 0 value.
     builtin shell-builtin [arguments]
      Execute  the  specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and
      return its exit status.  This is useful when defining a function
      whose  name  is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
      tionality of the builtin within the function.  The cd builtin is
      commonly	redefined  this	 way.	The  return status is false if
      shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command.
     cd [-L|-P] [dir]
      Change the current directory to dir.  The variable HOME  is  the
      default  dir.   The  variable CDPATH defines the search path for
      the directory containing dir.  Alternative  directory  names  in
      CDPATH  are  separated by a colon (:).  A null directory name in
      CDPATH is the same as the current directory,  i.e.,  ‘‘.’’.   If
      dir  begins  with	 a  slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P
      option says to use the physical directory structure  instead  of
      following	 symbolic  links  (see	also  the -P option to the set
      builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links to be fol-
      lowed.   An  argument  of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD.  If a non-
      empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is  the	 first
      argument,	 and  the directory change is successful, the absolute
      pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
      output.	The return value is true if the directory was success-
      fully changed; false otherwise.
     caller [expr]
      Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
      tion  or a script executed with the . or source builtins.	 With-
      out expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of
      the  current subroutine call.  If a non-negative integer is sup-
      plied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name,
      and  source  file	 corresponding to that position in the current
      execution call stack.  This extra information may be  used,  for
      example,	to print a stack trace.	 The current frame is frame 0.
      The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing  a  sub-
      routine  call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in
      the call stack.
     command [-pVv] command [arg ...]
      Run command with args  suppressing  the  normal  shell  function
      lookup.  Only builtin commands or commands found in the PATH are
      executed.	 If the -p option is given, the search for command  is
      performed	 using	a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to
      find all of the standard utilities.  If  either  the  -V	or  -v
      option is supplied, a description of command is printed.	The -v
      option causes a single word indicating the command or file  name
      used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a
      more verbose description.	 If the -V or -v option	 is  supplied,
      the  exit	 status	 is  0 if command was found, and 1 if not.  If
      neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command can-
      not  be found, the exit status is 127.  Otherwise, the exit sta-
      tus of the command builtin is the exit status of command.
     compgen [option] [word]
      Generate possible completion matches for word according  to  the
      options,	which  may  be	any  option  accepted  by the complete
      builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write  the  matches
      to  the  standard	 output.  When using the -F or -C options, the
      various shell  variables	set  by	 the  programmable  completion
      facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
      The  matches  will  be  generated in the same way as if the pro-
      grammable completion code had generated  them  directly  from  a
      completion specification with the same flags.  If word is speci-
      fied, only those completions matching word will be displayed.
      The return value is true unless an invalid option	 is  supplied,
      or no matches were generated.
     complete	 [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W
     wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix]
      [-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] name [name ...]
     complete -pr [name ...]
      Specify  how arguments to each name should be completed.	If the
      -p option is supplied, or if no options are  supplied,  existing
      completion  specifications are printed in a way that allows them
      to be reused as input.  The -r option removes a completion spec-
      ification	 for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all com-
      pletion specifications.
      The process of applying  these  completion  specifications  when
      word  completion	is  attempted  is  described  above under Pro-
      grammable Completion.
      Other options, if specified, have the following  meanings.   The
      arguments	 to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the
      -P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from	expan-
      sion before the complete builtin is invoked.
      -o comp-option
	      The  comp-option	controls  several aspects of the comp-
	      spec’s behavior beyond the simple generation of  comple-
	      tions.  comp-option may be one of:
	      bashdefault
		      Perform the rest of the default bash completions
		      if the compspec generates no matches.
	      default Use readline’s default  filename	completion  if
		      the compspec generates no matches.
	      dirnames
		      Perform  directory  name completion if the comp-
		      spec generates no matches.
	      filenames
		      Tell readline that the compspec generates	 file-
		      names,  so  it can perform any filename-specific
		      processing (like adding  a  slash	 to  directory
		      names or suppressing trailing spaces).  Intended
		      to be used with shell functions.
	      nospace Tell  readline  not  to  append  a  space	  (the
		      default)	to  words  completed at the end of the
		      line.
	      plusdirs
		      After any matches defined by  the	 compspec  are
		      generated,    directory	name   completion   is
		      attempted and  any  matches  are	added  to  the
		      results of the other actions.
      -A action
	      The  action  may	be  one of the following to generate a
	      list of possible completions:
	      alias   Alias names.  May also be specified as -a.
	      arrayvar
		      Array variable names.
	      binding Readline key binding names.
	      builtin Names of shell builtin commands.	 May  also  be
		      specified as -b.
	      command Command names.  May also be specified as -c.
	      directory
		      Directory names.	May also be specified as -d.
	      disabled
		      Names of disabled shell builtins.
	      enabled Names of enabled shell builtins.
	      export  Names  of exported shell variables.  May also be
		      specified as -e.
	      file    File names.  May also be specified as -f.
	      function
		      Names of shell functions.
	      group   Group names.  May also be specified as -g.
	      helptopic
		      Help topics as accepted by the help builtin.
	      hostname
		      Hostnames, as taken from the file	 specified  by
		      the HOSTFILE shell variable.
	      job     Job  names,  if job control is active.  May also
		      be specified as -j.
	      keyword Shell reserved words.  May also be specified  as
		      -k.
	      running Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
	      service Service names.  May also be specified as -s.
	      setopt  Valid arguments for the -o  option  to  the  set
		      builtin.
	      shopt   Shell  option  names  as	accepted  by the shopt
		      builtin.
	      signal  Signal names.
	      stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
	      user    User names.  May also be specified as -u.
	      variable
		      Names of all shell variables.  May also be spec-
		      ified as -v.
      -G globpat
	      The filename expansion pattern globpat  is  expanded  to
	      generate the possible completions.
      -W wordlist
	      The  wordlist  is	 split using the characters in the IFS
	      special variable as delimiters, and each resultant  word
	      is  expanded.   The possible completions are the members
	      of the resultant list which match the  word  being  com-
	      pleted.
      -C command
	      command  is  executed in a subshell environment, and its
	      output is used as the possible completions.
      -F function
	      The shell function function is executed in  the  current
	      shell  environment.  When it finishes, the possible com-
	      pletions are retrieved from the value of	the  COMPREPLY
	      array variable.
      -X filterpat
	      filterpat	 is  a pattern as used for filename expansion.
	      It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
	      ated  by	the  preceding options and arguments, and each
	      completion matching filterpat is removed from the	 list.
	      A	 leading  !  in filterpat negates the pattern; in this
	      case, any completion not matching filterpat is  removed.
      -P prefix
	      prefix  is  added at the beginning of each possible com-
	      pletion after all other options have been applied.
      -S suffix
	      suffix is appended to each possible completion after all
	      other options have been applied.
      The  return  value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
      an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a  name	 argu-
      ment,  an	 attempt  is made to remove a completion specification
      for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
      adding a completion specification.
     continue [n]
      Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or
      select loop.  If n is specified, resume  at  the	nth  enclosing
      loop.   n	 must  be  ≥  1.   If  n is greater than the number of
      enclosing loops, the  last  enclosing  loop  (the	 ‘‘top-level’’
      loop) is resumed.	 When continue is executed inside of loop, the
      return value is non-zero when n  is  ≤  0;  Otherwise,  continue
      returns 0 value.	When continue is executed outside of loop, the
      return value is 0.
     declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
     typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
      Declare variables and/or give them attributes.  If no names  are
      given  then display the values of variables.  The -p option will
      display the attributes and values of  each  name.	  When	-p  is
      used,  additional	 options  are ignored.	The -F option inhibits
      the display of function definitions; only the function name  and
      attributes are printed.  If the extdebug shell option is enabled
      using shopt, the source file name	 and  line  number  where  the
      function	is  defined  are  displayed  as	 well.	 The -F option
      implies -f.  The following options can be used to restrict  out-
      put  to  variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
      ables attributes:
      -a     Each name is an array variable (see Arrays above).
      -f     Use function names only.
      -i     The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
	     tion  (see	 ARITHMETIC EVALUATION ) is performed when the
	     variable is assigned a value.
      -r     Make names readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
	     values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
      -t     Give  each	 name  the  trace attribute.  Traced functions
	     inherit the DEBUG	and  RETURN  traps  from  the  calling
	     shell.   The  trace  attribute has no special meaning for
	     variables.
      -x     Mark names for export  to	subsequent  commands  via  the
	     environment.
      Using  ‘+’  instead of ‘-’ turns off the attribute instead, with
      the exception that +a may not be used to destroy an array	 vari-
      able.   When  used in a function, makes each name local, as with
      the local command.  If a variable name is	 followed  by  =value,
      the  value of the variable is set to value.  The return value is
      0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
      define  a	 function  using ‘‘-f foo=bar’’, an attempt is made to
      assign a value to a readonly variable, an	 attempt  is  made  to
      assign  a	 value to an array variable without using the compound
      assignment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names is not  a
      valid  shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
      only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to  turn
      off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
      display a non-existent function with -f.
     dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n]
      Without options,	displays  the  list  of	 currently  remembered
      directories.   The  default  display  is	on  a single line with
      directory names separated by spaces.  Directories are  added  to
      the  list	 with  the  pushd  command;  the  popd command removes
      entries from the list.
      +n     Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list
	     shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
	     zero.
      -n     Displays the nth entry counting from  the	right  of  the
	     list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting
	     with zero.
      -c     Clears  the  directory  stack  by	deleting  all  of  the
	     entries.
      -l     Produces  a  longer  listing;  the default listing format
	     uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
      -p     Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
      -v     Print the directory stack with one entry per  line,  pre-
	     fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
      The  return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n
      indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
     disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...]
      Without options, each jobspec  is	 removed  from	the  table  of
      active  jobs.   If  the  -h option is given, each jobspec is not
      removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent
      to  the  job  if	the shell receives a SIGHUP.  If no jobspec is
      present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is	supplied,  the
      current  job  is used.  If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option
      means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without  a  job-
      spec  argument  restricts operation to running jobs.  The return
      value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job.
     echo [-neE] [arg ...]
      Output the args, separated by spaces,  followed  by  a  newline.
      The return status is always 0.  If -n is specified, the trailing
      newline is suppressed.  If the -e option is  given,  interpreta-
      tion  of	the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
      The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape	 char-
      acters,  even  on systems where they are interpreted by default.
      The xpg_echo shell option may be used to	dynamically  determine
      whether  or not echo expands these escape characters by default.
      echo does not interpret -- to mean the  end  of  options.	  echo
      interprets the following escape sequences:
      \a     alert (bell)
      \b     backspace
      \c     suppress trailing newline
      \e     an escape character
      \f     form feed
      \n     new line
      \r     carriage return
      \t     horizontal tab
      \v     vertical tab
      \\     backslash
      \0nnn  the  eight-bit  character	whose value is the octal value
	     nnn (zero to three octal digits)
      \xHH   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
	     value HH (one or two hex digits)
     enable [-adnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
      Enable  and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
      allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
      to  be  executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
      the shell normally searches for builtins before  disk  commands.
      If  -n  is  used,	 each  name  is disabled; otherwise, names are
      enabled.	For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH
      instead  of  the	shell builtin version, run ‘‘enable -n test’’.
      The -f option means to load the new builtin  command  name  from
      shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading.
      The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded  with  -f.
      If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied,
      a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other option argu-
      ments,  the  list consists of all enabled shell builtins.	 If -n
      is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.	If -a is  sup-
      plied,  the  list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
      tion of whether or not each is enabled.  If -s is supplied,  the
      output  is restricted to the POSIX special builtins.  The return
      value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there	is  an
      error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
     eval [arg ...]
      The  args	 are read and concatenated together into a single com-
      mand.  This command is then read and executed by the shell,  and
      its  exit status is returned as the value of eval.  If there are
      no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0.
     exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
      If command is specified, it replaces the shell.  No new  process
      is  created.  The arguments become the arguments to command.  If
      the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
      ning of the zeroth arg passed to command.	 This is what login(1)
      does.  The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty
      environment.   If	 -a  is supplied, the shell passes name as the
      zeroth argument to the executed command.	If command  cannot  be
      executed	for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
      the shell option execfail is enabled, in which case  it  returns
      failure.	 An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
      not be executed.	If command is not specified, any  redirections
      take  effect  in	the current shell, and the return status is 0.
      If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
     exit [n]
      Cause the shell to exit with a status of n.  If  n  is  omitted,
      the exit status is that of the last command executed.  A trap on
      EXIT is executed before the shell terminates.
     export [-fn] [name[=word]] ...
     export -p
      The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the	 envi-
      ronment  of subsequently executed commands.  If the -f option is
      given, the names refer to functions.  If no names are given,  or
      if  the  -p  option  is  supplied,  a list of all names that are
      exported in this shell is printed.  The  -n  option  causes  the
      export  property	to  be	removed from each name.	 If a variable
      name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is  set  to
      word.   export  returns  an  exit	 status of 0 unless an invalid
      option is encountered, one of the names is  not  a  valid	 shell
      variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a func-
      tion.
     fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last]
     fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd]
      Fix Command.  In the first form, a range of commands from	 first
      to  last	is selected from the history list.  First and last may
      be specified as a string (to locate the last  command  beginning
      with  that  string)  or  as  a number (an index into the history
      list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
      rent command number).  If last is not specified it is set to the
      current command for listing (so that ‘‘fc -l  -10’’  prints  the
      last 10 commands) and to first otherwise.	 If first is not spec-
      ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16  for
      listing.
      The  -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The
      -r option reverses the order of the commands.  If the -l	option
      is  given,  the  commands are listed on standard output.	Other-
      wise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file  containing
      those  commands.	If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT
      variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not  set.
      If  neither  variable  is set, vi is used.  When editing is com-
      plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
      In the second form, command is re-executed after	each  instance
      of  pat  is replaced by rep.  A useful alias to use with this is
      ‘‘r="fc -s"’’, so that typing ‘‘r cc’’  runs  the	 last  command
      beginning with ‘‘cc’’ and typing ‘‘r’’ re-executes the last com-
      mand.
      If the first form is used, the  return  value  is	 0  unless  an
      invalid  option  is encountered or first or last specify history
      lines out of range.  If the -e option is	supplied,  the	return
      value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
      error occurs with the temporary file of commands.	 If the second
      form  is	used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
      cuted, unless cmd does not specify  a  valid  history  line,  in
      which case fc returns failure.
     fg [jobspec]
      Resume  jobspec  in the foreground, and make it the current job.
      If jobspec is not present, the shell’s notion of the current job
      is  used.	  The  return value is that of the command placed into
      the foreground, or failure if run when job control  is  disabled
      or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not spec-
      ify a valid job or jobspec specifies  a  job  that  was  started
      without job control.
     getopts optstring name [args]
      getopts  is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
      ters.  optstring contains the option  characters	to  be	recog-
      nized;  if  a  character	is  followed by a colon, the option is
      expected to have an argument, which should be separated from  it
      by  white space.	The colon and question mark characters may not
      be used as option characters.  Each time it is invoked,  getopts
      places  the next option in the shell variable name, initializing
      name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
      be processed into the variable OPTIND.  OPTIND is initialized to
      1 each time the shell or a shell script  is  invoked.   When  an
      option  requires	an argument, getopts places that argument into
      the variable OPTARG.  The shell does not reset OPTIND  automati-
      cally;  it  must	be  manually  reset  between multiple calls to
      getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
      ters is to be used.
      When  the	 end  of  options is encountered, getopts exits with a
      return value greater than zero.  OPTIND is set to the  index  of
      the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?.
      getopts  normally	 parses the positional parameters, but if more
      arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead.
      getopts can report errors in two ways.  If the  first  character
      of  optstring  is	 a  colon, silent error reporting is used.  In
      normal operation diagnostic messages are	printed	 when  invalid
      options  or  missing  option  arguments are encountered.	If the
      variable OPTERR is set to 0, no  error  messages	will  be  dis-
      played, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon.
      If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if
      not  silent,  prints  an	error  message	and unsets OPTARG.  If
      getopts is silent, the  option  character	 found	is  placed  in
      OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed.
      If  a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent,
      a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is	unset,	and  a
      diagnostic  message  is  printed.	  If getopts is silent, then a
      colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG  is  set  to  the	option
      character found.
      getopts  returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
      found.  It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
      an error occurs.
     hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
      For  each	 name, the full file name of the command is determined
      by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered.  If the -p
      option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is
      used as the full file name of the command.  The -r option causes
      the  shell  to  forget  all remembered locations.	 The -d option
      causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name.
      If  the  -t  option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
      name corresponds is printed.  If	multiple  name	arguments  are
      supplied	with  -t,  the	name is printed before the hashed full
      pathname.	 The -l option causes output to be displayed in a for-
      mat  that may be reused as input.	 If no arguments are given, or
      if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is
      printed.	 The  return status is true unless a name is not found
      or an invalid option is supplied.
     help [-s] [pattern]
      Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If  pattern
      is  specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching
      pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and	shell  control
      structures  is printed.  The -s option restricts the information
      displayed to a short usage synopsis.  The	 return	 status	 is  0
      unless no command matches pattern.
     history [n]
     history -c
     history -d offset
     history -anrw [filename]
     history -p arg [arg ...]
     history -s arg [arg ...]
      With no options, display the command history list with line num-
      bers.  Lines listed with a * have been modified.	An argument of
      n	 lists only the last n lines.  If the shell variable HISTTIME-
      FORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a  format  string  for
      strftime(3)  to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
      played history entry.  No intervening blank is  printed  between
      the  formatted  time stamp and the history line.	If filename is
      supplied, it is used as the name of the history  file;  if  not,
      the  value  of HISTFILE is used.	Options, if supplied, have the
      following meanings:
      -c     Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
      -d offset
	     Delete the history entry at position offset.
      -a     Append the ‘‘new’’ history lines (history	lines  entered
	     since  the	 beginning of the current bash session) to the
	     history file.
      -n     Read the history lines not already read from the  history
	     file  into	 the  current  history	list.  These are lines
	     appended to the history file since the beginning  of  the
	     current bash session.
      -r     Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
	     current history.
      -w     Write the current history to the history file,  overwrit-
	     ing the history file’s contents.
      -p     Perform  history  substitution  on the following args and
	     display the result on  the	 standard  output.   Does  not
	     store  the results in the history list.  Each arg must be
	     quoted to disable normal history expansion.
      -s     Store the args in the history list	 as  a	single	entry.
	     The  last	command	 in the history list is removed before
	     the args are added.
      If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associ-
      ated  with  each	history	 entry is written to the history file.
      The return value is 0 unless an invalid option  is  encountered,
      an  error	 occurs	 while reading or writing the history file, an
      invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the  history
      expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails.
     jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ]
     jobs -x command [ args ... ]
      The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the fol-
      lowing meanings:
      -l     List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
      -p     List only the process  ID	of  the	 job’s	process	 group
	     leader.
      -n     Display  information  only	 about	jobs that have changed
	     status since the user was last notified of their  status.
      -r     Restrict output to running jobs.
      -s     Restrict output to stopped jobs.
      If  jobspec  is given, output is restricted to information about
      that job.	 The return status is 0 unless an  invalid  option  is
      encountered or an invalid jobspec is supplied.
      If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in
      command or args with the corresponding  process  group  ID,  and
      executes command passing it args, returning its exit status.
     kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ...
     kill -l [sigspec | exit_status]
      Send  the	 signal	 named	by  sigspec or signum to the processes
      named by pid or jobspec.	sigspec is either  a  case-insensitive
      signal  name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or
      a signal number; signum is a signal number.  If sigspec  is  not
      present,	then  SIGTERM is assumed.  An argument of -l lists the
      signal names.  If any arguments are supplied when -l  is	given,
      the  names  of  the  signals  corresponding to the arguments are
      listed, and the return status is 0.  The exit_status argument to
      -l  is  a	 number	 specifying either a signal number or the exit
      status of a process terminated by a signal.  kill	 returns  true
      if  at  least  one  signal was successfully sent, or false if an
      error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
     let arg [arg ...]
      Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITH-
      METIC  EVALUATION).  If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns
      1; 0 is returned otherwise.
     local [option] [name[=value] ...]
      For each argument, a local variable named name is	 created,  and
      assigned	value.	 The option can be any of the options accepted
      by declare.  When local is used within a function, it causes the
      variable	name  to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
      tion and its children.  With no operands, local writes a list of
      local  variables	to the standard output.	 It is an error to use
      local when not within a function.	 The return status is 0 unless
      local  is	 used outside a function, an invalid name is supplied,
      or name is a readonly variable.
     logout Exit a login shell.
     popd [-n] [+n] [-n]
      Removes entries from the directory stack.	  With	no  arguments,
      removes  the  top directory from the stack, and performs a cd to
      the new top directory.  Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
      ing meanings:
      +n     Removes  the nth entry counting from the left of the list
	     shown by dirs, starting with zero.	 For  example:	‘‘popd
	     +0’’ removes the first directory, ‘‘popd +1’’ the second.
      -n     Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list
	     shown  by	dirs, starting with zero.  For example: ‘‘popd
	     -0’’ removes the last directory, ‘‘popd -1’’ the next  to
	     last.
      -n     Suppresses	 the  normal change of directory when removing
	     directories from the stack, so that  only	the  stack  is
	     manipulated.
      If  the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well,
      and the return status is 0.  popd returns false  if  an  invalid
      option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
      tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
      fails.
     printf [-v var] format [arguments]
      Write  the  formatted arguments to the standard output under the
      control of the format.  The format is a character	 string	 which
      contains	three  types  of  objects: plain characters, which are
      simply copied to standard output,	 character  escape  sequences,
      which  are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
      mat specifications, each of which causes printing	 of  the  next
      successive argument.  In addition to the standard printf(1) for-
      mats, %b causes printf to expand backslash escape	 sequences  in
      the  corresponding  argument  (except that \c terminates output,
      backslashes in \', \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes
      beginning	 with \0 may contain up to four digits), and %q causes
      printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can
      be reused as shell input.
      The  -v  option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
      var rather than being printed to the standard output.
      The format is reused as necessary to consume all	of  the	 argu-
      ments.  If the format requires more arguments than are supplied,
      the extra format specifications behave as if  a  zero  value  or
      null  string,  as	 appropriate,  had  been supplied.  The return
      value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
     pushd [-n] [dir]
     pushd [-n] [+n] [-n]
      Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack,  or  rotates
      the  stack,  making the new top of the stack the current working
      directory.  With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
      and  returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.  Arguments,
      if supplied, have the following meanings:
      +n     Rotates the stack so that	the  nth  directory  (counting
	     from  the	left  of the list shown by dirs, starting with
	     zero) is at the top.
      -n     Rotates the stack so that	the  nth  directory  (counting
	     from  the	right of the list shown by dirs, starting with
	     zero) is at the top.
      -n     Suppresses the normal change  of  directory  when	adding
	     directories  to  the  stack,  so  that  only the stack is
	     manipulated.
      dir    Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the
	     new current working directory.
      If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well.
      If the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to  dir
      fails.   With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the direc-
      tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack  element  is
      specified,  or the directory change to the specified new current
      directory fails.
     pwd [-LP]
      Print the absolute pathname of the  current  working  directory.
      The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option
      is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command
      is  enabled.  If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may
      contain symbolic links.  The return status is 0 unless an	 error
      occurs  while  reading  the  name of the current directory or an
      invalid option is supplied.
     read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-a aname] [-p prompt] [-n nchars] [-d
     delim] [name ...]
      One line is read from the	 standard  input,  or  from  the  file
      descriptor  fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the
      first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the
      second  name, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
      ing separators assigned to the last name.	 If  there  are	 fewer
      words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
      are assigned empty values.  The characters in IFS	 are  used  to
      split  the  line into words.  The backslash character (\) may be
      used to remove any special meaning for the next  character  read
      and  for line continuation.  Options, if supplied, have the fol-
      lowing meanings:
      -a aname
	     The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
	     variable aname, starting at 0.  aname is unset before any
	     new  values  are  assigned.   Other  name	arguments  are
	     ignored.
      -d delim
	     The  first	 character  of	delim is used to terminate the
	     input line, rather than newline.
      -e     If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline
	     (see READLINE above) is used to obtain the line.
      -n nchars
	     read  returns after reading nchars characters rather than
	     waiting for a complete line of input.
      -p prompt
	     Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing new-
	     line, before attempting to read any input.	 The prompt is
	     displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
      -r     Backslash does not act as an escape character.  The back-
	     slash  is considered to be part of the line.  In particu-
	     lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as  a  line
	     continuation.
      -s     Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
	     ters are not echoed.
      -t timeout
	     Cause read to time out and return failure if  a  complete
	     line  of  input is not read within timeout seconds.  This
	     option has no effect if read is not  reading  input  from
	     the terminal or a pipe.
      -u fd  Read input from file descriptor fd.
      If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
      able REPLY.  The return code  is	zero,  unless  end-of-file  is
      encountered,  read  times	 out, or an invalid file descriptor is
      supplied as the argument to -u.
     readonly [-apf] [name[=word] ...]
      The given names are marked readonly; the values of  these	 names
      may  not	be changed by subsequent assignment.  If the -f option
      is supplied, the functions corresponding to  the	names  are  so
      marked.  The -a option restricts the variables to arrays.	 If no
      name arguments are given, or if the -p  option  is  supplied,  a
      list  of	all  readonly  names is printed.  The -p option causes
      output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as	input.
      If  a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the vari-
      able is set to word.  The return status is 0 unless  an  invalid
      option  is  encountered,	one  of the names is not a valid shell
      variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a func-
      tion.
     return [n]
      Causes  a function to exit with the return value specified by n.
      If n is omitted, the return status is that of the	 last  command
      executed	in the function body.  If used outside a function, but
      during execution of a script by  the  .	(source)  command,  it
      causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
      n or the exit status of the last	command	 executed  within  the
      script  as  the  exit  status  of the script.  If used outside a
      function and not during execution of a script by .,  the	return
      status is false.	Any command associated with the RETURN trap is
      executed before execution resumes after the function or  script.
     set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...]
      Without  options,	 the name and value of each shell variable are
      displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
      resetting the currently-set variables.  Read-only variables can-
      not be reset.  In posix mode, only shell variables  are  listed.
      The  output  is  sorted  according  to the current locale.  When
      options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.   Any
      arguments	 remaining after the options are processed are treated
      as values for the positional parameters  and  are	 assigned,  in
      order, to $1, $2, ...  $n.  Options, if specified, have the fol-
      lowing meanings:
      -a      Automatically mark variables  and	 functions  which  are
	      modified	or  created  for  export to the environment of
	      subsequent commands.
      -b      Report the status of terminated background jobs  immedi-
	      ately, rather than before the next primary prompt.  This
	      is effective only when job control is enabled.
      -e      Exit immediately if a simple command (see SHELL  GRAMMAR
	      above) exits with a non-zero status.  The shell does not
	      exit if the command that fails is part  of  the  command
	      list  immediately	 following  a  while or until keyword,
	      part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or  ││
	      list, or if the command’s return value is being inverted
	      via !.  A trap on ERR, if set, is	 executed  before  the
	      shell exits.
      -f      Disable pathname expansion.
      -h      Remember	the location of commands as they are looked up
	      for execution.  This is enabled by default.
      -k      All arguments in the form of assignment  statements  are
	      placed  in the environment for a command, not just those
	      that precede the command name.
      -m      Monitor mode.  Job control is enabled.  This  option  is
	      on  by  default  for  interactive shells on systems that
	      support it (see JOB  CONTROL  above).   Background  pro-
	      cesses  run  in a separate process group and a line con-
	      taining their exit status is printed upon their  comple-
	      tion.
      -n      Read commands but do not execute them.  This may be used
	      to check a shell script  for  syntax  errors.   This  is
	      ignored by interactive shells.
      -o option-name
	      The option-name can be one of the following:
	      allexport
		      Same as -a.
	      braceexpand
		      Same as -B.
	      emacs   Use  an  emacs-style command line editing inter-
		      face.  This is enabled by default when the shell
		      is interactive, unless the shell is started with
		      the --noediting option.
	      errtrace
		      Same as -E.
	      functrace
		      Same as -T.
	      errexit Same as -e.
	      hashall Same as -h.
	      histexpand
		      Same as -H.
	      history Enable command history, as described above under
		      HISTORY.	This option is on by default in inter-
		      active shells.
	      ignoreeof
		      The  effect  is  as   if	 the   shell   command
		      ‘‘IGNOREEOF=10’’	had  been  executed (see Shell
		      Variables above).
	      keyword Same as -k.
	      monitor Same as -m.
	      noclobber
		      Same as -C.
	      noexec  Same as -n.
	      noglob  Same as -f.  nolog Currently ignored.
	      notify  Same as -b.
	      nounset Same as -u.
	      onecmd  Same as -t.
	      physical
		      Same as -P.
	      pipefail
		      If set, the return value of a  pipeline  is  the
		      value  of	 the  last (rightmost) command to exit
		      with a non-zero status, or zero if all  commands
		      in  the pipeline exit successfully.  This option
		      is disabled by default.
	      posix   Change the behavior of bash  where  the  default
		      operation	 differs  from	the  POSIX standard to
		      match the standard (posix mode).
	      privileged
		      Same as -p.
	      verbose Same as -v.
	      vi      Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
	      xtrace  Same as -x.
	      If -o is supplied with no option-name, the values of the
	      current  options are printed.  If +o is supplied with no
	      option-name, a series of set commands  to	 recreate  the
	      current  option  settings	 is  displayed on the standard
	      output.
      -p      Turn on privileged mode.	In this	 mode,	the  $ENV  and
	      $BASH_ENV	 files	are not processed, shell functions are
	      not inherited from the environment,  and	the  SHELLOPTS
	      variable,	 if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
	      If the shell is started with the effective user  (group)
	      id  not  equal  to  the real user (group) id, and the -p
	      option is not supplied, these actions are taken and  the
	      effective user id is set to the real user id.  If the -p
	      option is supplied at startup, the effective user id  is
	      not reset.  Turning this option off causes the effective
	      user and group ids to be set to the real user and	 group
	      ids.
      -t      Exit after reading and executing one command.
      -u      Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
	      eter expansion.  If expansion is attempted on  an	 unset
	      variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
	      interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
      -v      Print shell input lines as they are read.
      -x      After expanding each simple command, for	command,  case
	      command, select command, or arithmetic for command, dis-
	      play the expanded value of PS4, followed by the  command
	      and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
      -B      The  shell performs brace expansion (see Brace Expansion
	      above).  This is on by default.
      -C      If set, bash does not overwrite an  existing  file  with
	      the  >,  >&,  and <> redirection operators.  This may be
	      overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
	      rection operator >| instead of >.
      -E      If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions,
	      command substitutions, and commands executed in  a  sub-
	      shell  environment.  The ERR trap is normally not inher-
	      ited in such cases.
      -H      Enable !	style history substitution.  This option is on
	      by default when the shell is interactive.
      -P      If  set,	the  shell does not follow symbolic links when
	      executing commands such as cd that  change  the  current
	      working  directory.   It	uses  the  physical  directory
	      structure instead.  By default, bash follows the logical
	      chain  of	 directories  when  performing	commands which
	      change the current directory.
      -T      If set, any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are	 inherited  by
	      shell  functions,	 command  substitutions,  and commands
	      executed in  a  subshell	environment.   The  DEBUG  and
	      RETURN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
      --      If  no arguments follow this option, then the positional
	      parameters are unset.  Otherwise, the positional parame-
	      ters  are	 set  to  the args, even if some of them begin
	      with a -.
      -	      Signal the end of options, cause all remaining  args  to
	      be assigned to the positional parameters.	 The -x and -v
	      options are turned off.  If there are no args, the posi-
	      tional parameters remain unchanged.
      The  options are off by default unless otherwise noted.  Using +
      rather than - causes  these  options  to	be  turned  off.   The
      options  can  also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
      the shell.  The current set of options may be found in $-.   The
      return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
      tered.
     shift [n]
      The positional parameters from n+1 ... are renamed  to  $1  ....
      Parameters  represented  by  the	numbers	 $# down to $#-n+1 are
      unset.  n must be a non-negative number less than	 or  equal  to
      $#.   If	n is 0, no parameters are changed.  If n is not given,
      it is assumed to be 1.  If n is greater than $#, the  positional
      parameters  are  not changed.  The return status is greater than
      zero if n is greater than $# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
     shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
      Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
      ior.  With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all set-
      table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
      each  is	set.  The -p option causes output to be displayed in a
      form that may be reused as input.	 Other options have  the  fol-
      lowing meanings:
      -s     Enable (set) each optname.
      -u     Disable (unset) each optname.
      -q     Suppresses	 normal output (quiet mode); the return status
	     indicates whether the optname is set or unset.  If multi-
	     ple  optname arguments are given with -q, the return sta-
	     tus is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero	other-
	     wise.
      -o     Restricts	the  values of optname to be those defined for
	     the -o option to the set builtin.
      If either -s or -u is used with no optname arguments,  the  dis-
      play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
      tively.  Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are  disabled
      (unset) by default.
      The  return  status when listing options is zero if all optnames
      are enabled, non-zero  otherwise.	  When	setting	 or  unsetting
      options,	the  return  status is zero unless an optname is not a
      valid shell option.
      The list of shopt options is:
      cdable_vars
	      If set, an argument to the cd builtin  command  that  is
	      not  a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
	      whose value is the directory to change to.
      cdspell If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
	      ponent  in  a  cd command will be corrected.  The errors
	      checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
	      ter,  and	 one  character	 too many.  If a correction is
	      found, the corrected file name is printed, and the  com-
	      mand  proceeds.  This option is only used by interactive
	      shells.
      checkhash
	      If set, bash checks that a command found in the hash ta-
	      ble  exists  before  trying  to execute it.  If a hashed
	      command no longer exists, a normal path search  is  per-
	      formed.
      checkwinsize
	      If  set,	bash checks the window size after each command
	      and, if necessary,  updates  the	values	of  LINES  and
	      COLUMNS.
      cmdhist If  set,	bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
	      line command in the same	history	 entry.	  This	allows
	      easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
      dotglob If  set, bash includes filenames beginning with a ‘.’ in
	      the results of pathname expansion.
      execfail
	      If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
	      not  execute  the	 file  specified as an argument to the
	      exec builtin command.  An	 interactive  shell  does  not
	      exit if exec fails.
      expand_aliases
	      If  set,	aliases	 are expanded as described above under
	      ALIASES.	This option is enabled by default for interac-
	      tive shells.
      extdebug
	      If  set,	behavior  intended  for	 use  by  debuggers is
	      enabled:
	      1.     The -F option to the declare builtin displays the
		     source file name and line number corresponding to
		     each function name supplied as an argument.
	      2.     If the command run by the DEBUG  trap  returns  a
		     non-zero  value,  the next command is skipped and
		     not executed.
	      3.     If the command run by the DEBUG  trap  returns  a
		     value  of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
		     routine (a shell function or a shell script  exe-
		     cuted  by	the  .	or source builtins), a call to
		     return is simulated.
	      4.     BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as  described
		     in their descriptions above.
	      5.     Function  tracing	is enabled:  command substitu-
		     tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
		     ( command ) inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps.
	      6.     Error  tracing is enabled:	 command substitution,
		     shell functions, and  subshells  invoked  with  (
		     command ) inherit the ERROR trap.
      extglob If set, the extended pattern matching features described
	      above under Pathname Expansion are enabled.
      extquote
	      If set, $'string' and  $"string"	quoting	 is  performed
	      within   ${parameter}   expansions  enclosed  in	double
	      quotes.  This option is enabled by default.
      failglob
	      If set, patterns which fail to  match  filenames	during
	      pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
      force_fignore
	      If  set,	the  suffixes  specified  by the FIGNORE shell
	      variable cause words to be ignored when performing  word
	      completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
	      ble  completions.	  See  SHELL  VARIABLES	 above	for  a
	      description  of  FIGNORE.	  This	option	is  enabled by
	      default.
      gnu_errfmt
	      If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
	      GNU error message format.
      histappend
	      If  set,	the history list is appended to the file named
	      by the value of the HISTFILE  variable  when  the	 shell
	      exits, rather than overwriting the file.
      histreedit
	      If  set, and readline is being used, a user is given the
	      opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
      histverify
	      If set, and readline is being used, the results of  his-
	      tory  substitution  are  not  immediately	 passed to the
	      shell parser.  Instead, the  resulting  line  is	loaded
	      into the readline editing buffer, allowing further modi-
	      fication.
      hostcomplete
	      If set, and readline is being used, bash will attempt to
	      perform  hostname	 completion when a word containing a @
	      is  being	 completed  (see  Completing  under   READLINE
	      above).  This is enabled by default.
      huponexit
	      If set, bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an inter-
	      active login shell exits.
      interactive_comments
	      If set, allow a word beginning with # to cause that word
	      and  all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
	      in an interactive	 shell	(see  COMMENTS	above).	  This
	      option is enabled by default.
      lithist If  set,	and  the cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line
	      commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
	      rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
      login_shell
	      The  shell  sets this option if it is started as a login
	      shell (see INVOCATION above).   The  value  may  not  be
	      changed.
      mailwarn
	      If  set,	and  a file that bash is checking for mail has
	      been accessed since the last time it  was	 checked,  the
	      message  ‘‘The  mail in mailfile has been read’’ is dis-
	      played.
      no_empty_cmd_completion
	      If set, and  readline  is	 being	used,  bash  will  not
	      attempt to search the PATH for possible completions when
	      completion is attempted on an empty line.
      nocaseglob
	      If set, bash matches  filenames  in  a  case-insensitive
	      fashion when performing pathname expansion (see Pathname
	      Expansion above).
      nocasematch
	      If set, bash  matches  patterns  in  a  case-insensitive
	      fashion when performing matching while executing case or
	      [[ conditional commands.
      nullglob
	      If set, bash allows patterns which match no  files  (see
	      Pathname	Expansion  above)  to expand to a null string,
	      rather than themselves.
      progcomp
	      If set, the programmable completion facilities (see Pro-
	      grammable Completion above) are enabled.	This option is
	      enabled by default.
      promptvars
	      If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
	      mand   substitution,  arithmetic	expansion,  and	 quote
	      removal after being expanded as described	 in  PROMPTING
	      above.  This option is enabled by default.
      restricted_shell
	      The   shell  sets	 this  option  if  it  is  started  in
	      restricted mode (see RESTRICTED SHELL below).  The value
	      may  not be changed.  This is not reset when the startup
	      files are executed, allowing the startup files  to  dis-
	      cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
      shift_verbose
	      If  set,	the shift builtin prints an error message when
	      the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
	      ters.
      sourcepath
	      If set, the source (.) builtin uses the value of PATH to
	      find the directory containing the file  supplied	as  an
	      argument.	 This option is enabled by default.
      xpg_echo
	      If   set,	 the  echo  builtin  expands  backslash-escape
	      sequences by default.
     suspend [-f]
      Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a  SIGCONT
      signal.	When  the  suspended shell is a background process, it
      can be restarted by the fg command. For more  information,  read
      the JOB CONTROL section. The suspend command can not suspend the
      login shell.  However, when -f option is specified, suspend com-
      mand  can	 suspend  even	login  shell.	The return status is 0
      unless the shell is a login shell and -f is not supplied, or  if
      job control is not enabled.
     test expr
     [ expr ]
      Return  a	 status	 of  0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
      conditional expression expr.  Each operator and operand must  be
      a	 separate argument.  Expressions are composed of the primaries
      described above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS.   test  does  not
      accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
      -- as signifying the end of options.
      Expressions may  be  combined  using  the	 following  operators,
      listed in decreasing order of precedence.
      ! expr True if expr is false.
      ( expr )
	     Returns  the value of expr.  This may be used to override
	     the normal precedence of operators.
      expr1 -a expr2
	     True if both expr1 and expr2 are true.
      expr1 -o expr2
	     True if either expr1 or expr2 is true.
      test and [ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
      based on the number of arguments.
      0 arguments
	     The expression is false.
      1 argument
	     The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
	     null.
      2 arguments
	     If the first argument is !, the expression is true if and
	     only  if the second argument is null.  If the first argu-
	     ment is one of the	 unary	conditional  operators	listed
	     above  under  CONDITIONAL	EXPRESSIONS, the expression is
	     true if the unary test is true.  If the first argument is
	     not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
	     false.
      3 arguments
	     If the second argument is one of the  binary  conditional
	     operators listed above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the
	     result of the expression is the result of the binary test
	     using  the first and third arguments as operands.	If the
	     first argument is !, the value is	the  negation  of  the
	     two-argument  test	 using the second and third arguments.
	     If the first argument is exactly ( and the third argument
	     is	 exactly ), the result is the one-argument test of the
	     second argument.  Otherwise,  the	expression  is	false.
	     The  -a  and -o operators are considered binary operators
	     in this case.
      4 arguments
	     If the first argument is !, the result is the negation of
	     the  three-argument  expression composed of the remaining
	     arguments.	 Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
	     uated  according  to  precedence  using  the rules listed
	     above.
      5 or more arguments
	     The expression  is	 parsed	 and  evaluated	 according  to
	     precedence using the rules listed above.
     times  Print  the  accumulated  user and system times for the shell and
      for processes run from the shell.	 The return status is 0.
     trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...]
      The command arg is to  be	 read  and  executed  when  the	 shell
      receives	signal(s)  sigspec.   If arg is absent (and there is a
      single sigspec) or -, each specified  signal  is	reset  to  its
      original	disposition  (the  value  it  had upon entrance to the
      shell).  If arg is the null string the signal specified by  each
      sigspec  is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
      If arg is not present and -p has been supplied,  then  the  trap
      commands	associated  with  each	sigspec	 are displayed.	 If no
      arguments are supplied or if only -p is given, trap  prints  the
      list  of	commands  associated  with each signal.	 The -l option
      causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their  cor-
      responding  numbers.   Each  sigspec  is	either	a  signal name
      defined in <signal.h>, or a signal  number.   Signal  names  are
      case  insensitive	 and the SIG prefix is optional.  If a sigspec
      is EXIT (0) the command arg is executed on exit from the	shell.
      If  a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed before every
      simple command, for command, case command, select command, every
      arithmetic for command, and before the first command executes in
      a shell function	(see  SHELL  GRAMMAR  above).	Refer  to  the
      description  of  the  extdebug  option  to the shopt builtin for
      details of its effect on the DEBUG trap.	If a sigspec  is  ERR,
      the  command  arg	 is  executed  whenever a simple command has a
      non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions.   The
      ERR  trap	 is  not executed if the failed command is part of the
      command list immediately following a  while  or  until  keyword,
      part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ││ list, or
      if the command’s return value is being inverted  via  !.	 These
      are  the	same  conditions  obeyed  by the errexit option.  If a
      sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed each time a shell
      function or a script executed with the . or source builtins fin-
      ishes executing.	Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
      be trapped, reset or listed.  Trapped signals that are not being
      ignored are reset to their original values in  a	child  process
      when  it	is created.  The return status is false if any sigspec
      is invalid; otherwise trap returns true.
     type [-aftpP] name [name ...]
      With no options, indicate how each name would be interpreted  if
      used as a command name.  If the -t option is used, type prints a
      string which is one of alias,  keyword,  function,  builtin,  or
      file  if	name  is  an  alias,  shell  reserved  word, function,
      builtin, or disk file, respectively.  If the name is not	found,
      then  nothing  is	 printed,  and	an  exit  status  of  false is
      returned.	 If the -p option is used,  type  either  returns  the
      name of the disk file that would be executed if name were speci-
      fied as a command name, or nothing if ‘‘type -t name’’ would not
      return  file.  The -P option forces a PATH search for each name,
      even if ‘‘type -t name’’ would not return file.  If a command is
      hashed,  -p  and	-P print the hashed value, not necessarily the
      file that appears first in PATH.	If the -a option is used, type
      prints  all of the places that contain an executable named name.
      This includes aliases and functions,  if	and  only  if  the  -p
      option  is  not  also used.  The table of hashed commands is not
      consulted when using -a.	The -f option suppresses  shell	 func-
      tion  lookup, as with the command builtin.  type returns true if
      any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
     ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx [limit]]
      Provides control over the resources available to the  shell  and
      to  processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
      The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
      for  the	given resource.	 A hard limit cannot be increased once
      it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of  the
      hard  limit.   If	 neither -H nor -S is specified, both the soft
      and hard limits are set.	The value of limit can be a number  in
      the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values
      hard, soft, or unlimited,	 which	stand  for  the	 current  hard
      limit,  the  current soft limit, and no limit, respectively.  If
      limit is omitted, the current value of the  soft	limit  of  the
      resource	is  printed, unless the -H option is given.  When more
      than one resource is specified, the  limit  name	and  unit  are
      printed before the value.	 Other options are interpreted as fol-
      lows:
      -a     All current limits are reported
      -c     The maximum size of core files created
      -d     The maximum size of a process’s data segment
      -e     The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
      -f     The maximum size of files written by the  shell  and  its
	     children
      -i     The maximum number of pending signals
      -l     The maximum size that may be locked into memory
      -m     The maximum resident set size (has no effect on Linux)
      -n     The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
	     do not allow this value to be set)
      -p     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
      -q     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
      -r     The maximum real-time scheduling priority
      -s     The maximum stack size
      -t     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
      -u     The maximum number of processes  available	 to  a	single
	     user
      -v     The  maximum  amount  of  virtual memory available to the
	     shell
      -x     The maximum number of file locks
      If limit is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
      (the -a option is display only).	If no option is given, then -f
      is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for  -t,
      which  is	 in seconds, -p, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
      and -n and -u, which are unscaled values.	 The return status  is
      0	 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
      occurs while setting a new limit.
     umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
      The user file-creation mask is set to mode.  If mode begins with
      a	 digit,	 it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
      interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted  by
      chmod(1).	  If mode is omitted, the current value of the mask is
      printed.	The -S option causes the mask to be  printed  in  sym-
      bolic  form;  the	 default output is an octal number.  If the -p
      option is supplied, and mode is omitted, the output is in a form
      that may be reused as input.  The return status is 0 if the mode
      was successfully changed or if no mode  argument	was  supplied,
      and false otherwise.
     unalias [-a] [name ...]
      Remove  each  name  from	the list of defined aliases.  If -a is
      supplied, all alias definitions are removed.  The	 return	 value
      is true unless a supplied name is not a defined alias.
     unset [-fv] [name ...]
      For  each	 name,	remove the corresponding variable or function.
      If no options are supplied, or the -v option is given, each name
      refers  to  a  shell  variable.	Read-only variables may not be
      unset.  If -f is specified, each name refers to  a  shell	 func-
      tion,  and the function definition is removed.  Each unset vari-
      able or function is removed from the environment passed to  sub-
      sequent  commands.   If any of RANDOM, SECONDS, LINENO, HISTCMD,
      FUNCNAME, GROUPS, or DIRSTACK are unset, they lose their special
      properties,  even if they are subsequently reset.	 The exit sta-
      tus is true unless a name is readonly.
     wait [n ...]
      Wait for each specified process and return its termination  sta-
      tus.   Each  n  may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
      job spec is given, all processes	in  that  job’s	 pipeline  are
      waited  for.  If n is not given, all currently active child pro-
      cesses are waited for, and the return  status  is	 zero.	 If  n
      specifies	 a  non-existent  process or job, the return status is
      127.  Otherwise, the return status is the	 exit  status  of  the
      last process or job waited for.

RESTRICTED SHELL

     If bash is started with the name rbash, or the -r option is supplied at
     invocation, the shell becomes restricted.  A restricted shell  is  used
     to  set	up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.  It
     behaves identically to bash with the exception that the	following  are
     disallowed or not performed:
     ·      changing directories with cd
     ·      setting or unsetting the values of SHELL, PATH, ENV, or BASH_ENV
     ·      specifying command names containing /
     ·      specifying a file name containing a / as an argument  to	the  .
      builtin command
     ·      Specifying  a  filename containing a slash as an argument to the
      -p option to the hash builtin command
     ·      importing function definitions from  the	shell  environment  at
      startup
     ·      parsing  the  value  of  SHELLOPTS from the shell environment at
      startup
     ·      redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >>  redirec-
      tion operators
     ·      using the exec builtin command to replace the shell with another
      command
     ·      adding or deleting builtin commands with the -f and  -d  options
      to the enable builtin command
     ·      Using  the  enable  builtin  command  to	enable	disabled shell
      builtins
     ·      specifying the -p option to the command builtin command
     ·      turning off restricted mode with set +r or set +o restricted.
     These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
     When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see COM-
     MAND  EXECUTION	above),	 rbash turns off any restrictions in the shell
     spawned to execute the script.

SEE ALSO

     Bash Reference Manual, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
     The Gnu Readline Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
     The Gnu History Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
     Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2:  Shell  and	Utili-
     ties, IEEE
     sh(1), ksh(1), csh(1)
     emacs(1), vi(1)
     readline(3)

FILES

     /bin/bash
      The bash executable
     /etc/profile
      The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
     /etc/bash.bash_logout
      The systemwide login shell cleanup file, executed when  a	 login
      shell exits
     ~/.bash_profile
      The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
     ~/.bashrc
      The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
     ~/.bash_logout
      The  individual  login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
      shell exits
     ~/.inputrc
      Individual readline initialization file

AUTHORS

     Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
     [email protected]
     Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
     [email protected]

BUG REPORTS

     If you find a bug in bash, you should report it.	 But first, you should
     make  sure  that	 it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
     version	of  bash.   The	 latest	 version  is  always  available	  from
     ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/.
     Once  you  have	determined that a bug actually exists, use the bashbug
     command to submit a bug report.	If you have a fix, you are  encouraged
     to  mail that as well!  Suggestions and ‘philosophical’ bug reports may
     be mailed  to  [email protected]	or  posted  to	the  Usenet  newsgroup
     gnu.bash.bug.
     ALL bug reports should include:
     The version number of bash
     The hardware and operating system
     The compiler used to compile
     A description of the bug behaviour
     A short script or ‘recipe’ which exercises the bug
     bashbug	inserts	 the first three items automatically into the template
     it provides for filing a bug report.
     Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
     to [email protected].

BUGS

     It’s too big and too slow.
     There are some subtle differences between bash and traditional versions
     of sh, mostly because of the POSIX specification.
     Aliases are confusing in some uses.
     Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
     Compound commands and command sequences of the form ‘a ; b ; c’ are not
     handled	gracefully  when process suspension is attempted.  When a pro-
     cess is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in the
     sequence.  It suffices to place the sequence of commands between paren-
     theses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.
     Commands inside of $(...) command substitution  are  not	 parsed	 until
     substitution  is attempted.  This will delay error reporting until some
     time after the command is entered.  For example, unmatched parentheses,
     even  inside  shell  comments,  will result in error messages while the
     construct is being read.
     Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
     When breaking out of multiple loops, if the outermost loop consists  of
     more than one command, the exit status of break and continue is lost.

Documentation / Reference

man bash





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