Asynchronous programming (Concurrency | Parallel)

Multi-thread (Multi User) application

Asynchronous programming is notoriously difficult because the order of operations is highly unpredictable.

From a classic computing perspective, concurrent and parallel are clearly synonyms but:

• concurrency is about data structure
• and parallel is about process

Two process can run in parallel without being concurrent on any data structure.

Parallel tasking is a concurrency design

The five functions of functional programming hold a key to simplifying asynchronous programming.

Concurrency implementation is done:

• on a logical level through the notion of transaction.
• on a code process level through the notion of:
  • synchronization in a Shared-memory (shared-data)
  • or channel. No Shared State, communication using channel. See Concurrency - Communicating sequential processes (Tony Hoare’s CSP paper)

• Transactional Data Structure Libraries - Alexander Spiegelman, Guy Golan-Gueta, Idit Keidar. Transactions into libraries of concurrent data structures; such transactions can be used to ensure atomicity of sequences of data structure operations