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Rotation is a geometric transformation and can be applied through the following transformation matrix
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Rotation by
90 degrees
<math> M = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} </math>
<math>\theta</math> radians
<math> M = \begin{bmatrix} cos(\theta) & -sin(\theta) \\ sin(\theta) & cos(\theta) \end{bmatrix} </math>
180 degrees = <math>\pi</math> radians
Identity: <math>sin^2(\theta) + cos^2(\theta) = 1 \text{ for all } \theta</math>